Social Identity Theory Of Self-Esteem

The background and development of motivational hypotheses in social identity theory are examined, revealing two general motives for intergroup discrimination: a desire for cognitive coherence, or good structure; and a need for positive self-esteem. SHE (self-esteem hypothesis) is one of the letter that something stranger anymore (Abrams & Hong, 1988). Both the theoretical and empirical bases of the SEH are largely rooted in research using the minimal group paradigm. However, it remains unclear whether self-esteem is to be considered primarily as a cause or an effect of discrimination (Cherry, 2016).

When real social groups are considered the SEH appears to provide only a partial explanation, and a variety of more or less powerful alternative

Five approaches to personhood are examined metaphysical, empirical, transcendental, hermeneutical, and phenomenological. An elementary sense of selfhood is tied to all one 's experiences and activities; this sense of self is experientially irreducible and conceptually connected to a primordial form of self-relatedness (J Pers Disord, 2006). Moreover, the adolescents begin to integrate all of their experience and their understanding of themselves into a more unified sense of identity, again in stages from Early (deconstruction) to Middle (reconstruction) to Late (consolidation) adolescence. Develop the self-concept is domain-specific. Where the individual must develop and evaluated the meaning of self-aspect (Harter, 1989).

The more than theoretical dimensions of the conceptual distinction between personhood, personality, and personality disorder also become apparent in discussions about classification. Definitions of disorder articulate distinctions between disordered and just improper behaviour. Psychiatrists, lawmakers, and the general public may differ with respect to the question of where to draw the boundary between evil and ill. Psychiatrist’s some-times feel urged to treat persons with behavioural problems who do not con-form to the definition of any personality

These pressures may contribute to a tendency to exclude the concept of personality disorder from psychiatric classification. For example, these issues play a significant role in British discussions about the distinction between mental illness and psychopathic disorder (Kendell, 2002).

The personal identity refers to the self largely based on representations of the perceiver as an individual person; the self is personal in focus, describes the ‘I’ and ‘Me’ and includes personality traits and individual attributes. It refers to the notion of self as an individual’s special personal identity, based on personal differences from others (Tyler, Kramer, John, 2014).

Despite the large literature on adolescent risk behavior in West, there is little research in China context. In Hong Kong, the behavioral patterns of youth problems, such as smoking, drug abuse, physical violence, sexual activity and gambling, were examined (Drew, 1996; Davis & Tang, 2004; Lee & Tsang, 2004 & 2001; Lam & Steward, 2001; Sun, 2010 & 2012). Similar to Western studies (Jessor, 1999; Joseph, 2011; Eccles, 1993), an increase in age-related in delinquency has also been found (Lee & Tsang, 2004; Lam & Steward,