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Piaget And Kohlberg's Theory Of Moral Development

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“Custom alone regulates morals.”- Anatole France. However, the idea of culture regulating morals is no where to be found in early moral development research. With many theoriest using different approaches to understad morality we have a wide variety of theories ranging from cognition to evolutionary, that explain the human moral development. But, what have these theories contributed to our systematic knowledge of moral development? First of all, Jean Piaget (1929, 1954, and 1977) was one of the first psychologists to show interest in child development as he studied children’s cognitive and moral development. He was interested in the way they think, reason, make judgements, and solve problems and he used a number of interesting methods to measure …show more content…

Both researchers have agreed that the stages in their theories follow a constant order. Since Kohlberg expanded on Piaget’s theory it is fair to say that both theories agreed on a number of things as well as have a number of similar …show more content…

Haidt’s (2001) moral foundation theory came around with the notion that the human brain have been prewired to learn values about the social world (Graham et al., 2012). The main idea behind this theory is that, we are born with a universal system of values; called foundations. Throughout our lives, we add or build on these universal foundations a number of cultural virtues and values. This concept explains why there are a number of similar moralities across the world yet different and unique ones at the same time. The five foundations identified by Haidt and Joseph (2007) are the following: Care/Harm, Fairness/Cheating, Loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, Sanctity/degradation and in 2012, Haidt added a sixth one Liberty/oppression. This theory support the idea that our moral reasoning is somewhat intuitive. It is important to note, however, that even though all five or six foundations are universal, some cultures build on one foundation more than other which will eventually cause a difference about the idea of what virtue a culture values

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Questions of morality are abstract and extremely touchy. They are subject to enduring debates regarding its origins, nature, and limits, with no possibility of a consensus. Although the theories on morality often pursue diverse angles, among the most interesting ones that have come up in recent times revolve around the question whether human beings are born with an innate moral sense. Some scholars hold the view that humans are born with an inherent sense of morality while others believe the opposite that humans are not born with an innate moral sense holds true. By using Steven Pinker’s

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One critique is that conscience is shaped by cultural and societal influences. Moral values and ethical principles are not fixed or universal but evolve over time within different societies and cultures. These values are influenced by a range of factors such as religion, philosophy, social norms, and individual experiences. Consequently, the presence of a universal conscience could be better understood as a reflection of shared human experiences and collective social constructions rather than as empirical evidence of a transcendent deity. Moreover, the universality of conscience can be attributed to the shared values and ethical principles that humanity has developed over time.

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Introduction Every day we as citizens of this country make decisions either consciously or unconsciously on how we go about our daily lives. We make all of our decisions based on our own personal moral behavior and what we believe in. Moral rules are defined in the book as things along the lines of people should not drink in excess or children should come before self (pg. 26). One’s moral behavior is primarily based on how they were brought up and what they were raised to believe. To test ones moral behavior ask yourself whether you perceive stealing, whether it be a candy bar from a gas station or stealing someone’s purse as wrong or right.

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Ruth Benedict, an anthropologist, argues that morality is relative and based on one's culture or society. What could be morally acceptable in one culture is not necessarily acceptable in another culture. She believes that “the most spectacular illustrations of the extent to which normality may be culturally defined are those cultures where an abnormality of our culture is the cornerstone” (134). James Rachels, a philosopher, argues that Benedict’s argument is fallible. The conclusion of her argument does not follow from the premises.

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Theoretical Background This study is anchored on Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory. This theory proposed that moral reasoning of human beings is associated with the stages of development in solving moral issues that an individual encounters (Bjorklund & Blasi, 2010). Kohlberg’s moral development sees moral reasoning as progressing through three levels to support his claims. First, pre-conventional moral reasoning, it is characterized by apparent and physical events.

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Today, morality is tested in everyday situations; Whether on a test day or in a relationship. Everyday humans are presented with situations which often express or challenge morals. Individual morality comes from life in years not years in life, in other words experience and living. Although government and regulation are a huge aspect when it it comes to morals, freewill or the consciousness of what you are doing is “wrong” in society but still doing it anyway and accountability of one’s own actions contributes to one’s own morality. Individual morality is also influenced by religion, gender, culture, dreams and desires.

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esearch on moral judgment has been dominated by rationalist models, in which moral judgment is thought to be caused by moral reasoning. The author gives 4 reasons for considering the hypothesis that moral reasoning does not cause moral judgment; rather, moral reasoning is usually a post hoc construction, generated after a judgment has been reached. The social intuitionist model is presented as an alternative to rationalist models. The model is a social model in that it deemphasizes the private reasoning done by individuals and emphasizes instead the importance of social and cultural influences. The model is an intuitionist model in that it states that moral judgment is generally the result of quick, automatic evaluations (intuitions).

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Moral standards should consequently be founded on ideas of reason, rather than particularities of culture or identity. The objective of Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals is to build up a clearer comprehension of good standards, with the goal that individuals may better deflect diversions. A few general standards about moral duties may be advanced. First, activities are moral if and only if they are attempted for profound quality alone with no ulterior motive.

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Moral development differences might explain why one person found it moral to steal the bread. Furthermore, it could be argued that the perception of moral facts is not necessary with non-moral properties. In order to conclude a general moral fact, like stealing is wrong, non-moral properties might cloud the perception or be unnecessary for the conclusion. The problem with perception is that, by it naturalistic nature, it is unable to resolve both the issues with intuitionism and confuses the observation of moral facts with non-moral properties. This raises questions on the ability of one’s naturalistic perceptions ability to understand moral knowledge and thereby

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Thesis Statement: Origin of Morality Outline A.Universal Ethics 1.Karl Barth, The Command of God 2.Thomas Aquinas, The Natural Law 3.Thomas Hobbes, Natural Law and Natural Right 4.Immanuel Kant, The Categorical Imperative B.Morality and Practical Reason 1.Practical Reason a.Practical Reason and Practical Reasons C.Evolution of Morality 1.What makes Moral Creatures Moral 2.Explaining the Nature of Moral Judgments F. Answering Questions 1. What is the origin of Morality: Religion or Philosophy? 2. What does religion say about morality?

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A more in-depth understanding of this idea leads us to think of these shared assumptions as an overall formation for a general concept of humanity. This development results from a “domino effect” of compassionate traits being spread from one individual to the next, leading to a somewhat systemized frame of human moral behavior. These humanitarian ideas for compassion propel understanding for why conventional differences lead to cruelty, ignorance, and even tragedies (“Compassion and its

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Throughout history many great philosophers have attempted to unravel the origins of virtues by developing moral theories of their own. This document is designed to provide the reader with an overview of some of the more popular theories concerning morals. Three of the most popular moral theories are… Utilitarianism, Kantianism, and Aristotelianism. Though Utilitarianism, Kantianism, and Aristotelianism differ in many ways, they also share similar fundamentals. Utilitarianism is a highly acclaimed theory that is morally based on consequentialism.

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Certain virtues, written or unwritten, form the basis of morality and these have to be adhered to, irrespective of whether they are explicitly mentioned as codes of conduct or to the contrary (Jack, 1984). In other words, irrespective of whether rules are mentioned or not, universal ethical values have to be applied to any situation and action must or must not be taken, on the basis of this

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Theories of these two cognitive psychologists have been compared and contrasted on different levels. This essay will look into the differences and similarities between their theories. These two psychologist 's theories differ from each other in numerous ways. To begin with, Jean Piaget 's cognitive development theory proposes that children adapt to their environment by actively constructing knowledge as they perceive and explore their surroundings. His theory comprised of four stages of development.

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This study is anchored on Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory. This theory proposed that moral reasoning of human beings is associated with the stages of development in solving moral issues that an individual encounters (Bjorklund & Blasi, 2010). Kohlberg’s moral development sees moral reasoning as progressing through three levels to support his claims. First, pre-conventional moral reasoning, it is characterized by apparent and physical events. The presentation of moral issues at this stage is concentrated with the rewards and punishments after the occurrence of their action.

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