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Polymyxin B Research Paper

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Our body has a natural defense mechanism that kicks into gear whenever a foreign substance enters it. When the body’s normal defenses is not able to prevent or overcome a disease, antimicrobial drugs can be used to fight off the disease. One of the most important discoveries of modern medicine was antibiotics. Things have changed from where little could be done to treat many lethal infectious diseases to now, where some of these drugs could be called “miracle” drugs.
The concept of chemotherapy, a form of treatment that uses chemical substances to fight off a disease, was first discovered by Paul Ehrlich, a German physician and scientist, during the early part of the 20th century. Ehrlich was attempting to stain bacteria without staining the surrounding tissue, when he speculated about a “magic bullet” that would be able to find and destroy pathogens but not harm the host. In 1928, Alexander Fleming, a Scottish biologist, observed the growth of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, and he saw that the bacteria was inhibited in the area surrounding the colony of a mold that had contaminated a Petri plate. This mold ended up being identified as Penicillium notatum. In 1940, the first clinical trials of penicillin took …show more content…

Polymyxin B is effective against gram-negative bacteria. It is available for topical use in the antiseptic ointment that also contains bacitracin and neomycin. Rifampin, is used in tuberculosis therapy. The drugs inhibit the synthesis of mRNA. The first of the quinolone group was nalidixic acid, which inhibits the enzyme DNA gyrase needed for DNA replication. This led to the development of the fluoroquinolone group. Blocking a cell’s ability to synthesize essential metabolites is another mode of drug action. Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) act by competitive inhibition of folic acid, which is an important coenzyme needed for synthesis of proteins, DNA and

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The war also affected the mass production of penicillin. The military had no other way of treating infection quickly or any other wounds so it was vital for penicillin to be abundant. All in all this time was one of the most influential time during technology and all other advancements in the current time. Could imagine life without the things we have today? Bird, Kai, and Martin J. Sherwin. "

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PHAR 100 Assignment 3 1. Antibiotics are a form of medicine that seek out and destroy the bacteria that make us feel sick. Antibiotics work great against bacteria, however they don’t work against viruses. Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered by Alexander Fleming, and it was first used to treat infections. Essentially, these powerful medicines fight bacterial infections, and have the potential to save lives.

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During World War 2, huge medical advances took place. The war naturally gave a push to the medical world to advance in medicines that would save many lives. They made treatments for soldiers who has had severe wounds. Those treatments fell under a new class of drugs called Sulfanilamide1, which provided effective treatments for bacterial diseases like pneumonia and meningitis. One of the safest and active antibacterial available, Penicillin, was a huge medical advancement that was invented during the war.

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While looking through petri dishes containing “colonies” of a bacteria that caused boils, sore throats and abscesses, Alexander Fleming found that one petri dish had a mold growth that appeared to hinder bacterial growth (“Discovery and Development of Penicillin”). Fleming established that this mold had the ability to eliminate harmful bacteria, including the bacteria that he was originally researching, before tasking his assistants with isolating “pure penicillin” (“Discovery and Development of Penicillin”). Rickets, a disease that softens the bones in children due to vitamin D deficiency, was much more prominent back then compared to modern times. This is due to the discovery of Vitamin D. Vitamin D is historic for its ability to prevent Rickets which had been around for hundred of years

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After he found the cause of infection, Lister began to find ways to prevent infection. He had read about a chemical called carbolic acid that was poured on fertilizer to stop the spread of disease. Unfortunately, carbolic acid was so strong that it could burn skin, so Lister had to mix it with water to prevent it from harming the patient too much. The first time he used carbolic acid was on an eleven-year-old boy who had broken his leg. Lister covered the boy’s leg with a cloth covered in carbolic acid and the wound healed with no infection.

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Moreover, Penicillin, a group of antibiotics, was discovered during this time, specifically in the 1928s by Alexander Fleming (ACS, 2023). Although the first dose of penicillin was used in 1941 by Albert Alexander, it was still a life-changing discovery as it changed the lives of many - even after the period of 1918s1939s (Wood, 2010). The discovery of penicillin allowed a lot of life-threatening diseases to be treated, such as bronchitis, tonsillitis, and pneumonia. Penicillin is known to save millions of lives. Indeed, in just World War Two, the death rate because of bacterial pneumonia would go from 18% to 1%, because of the invention of penicillin.

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Another medication developed was penicillin. “Before the widespread use of antibiotics like penicillin in the United States, even small cuts and scrapes could lead to deadly infections.” (Little, 2021). This is why penicillin was such a good thing. Now soldiers didn’t have to worry as much if they got wounded in battle.

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Technology has been used by humans since the beginning of our existence, but the things that we see as technology in the modern day are not the same as they were in the beginning of time or even one hundred years ago. During the 1920s, an era of the roaring 20s and the great depression, a numerous amount of new technologies were created with a multitude of reasons as to why, but mainly to advance society. New types of technology were created for health and medicine, cars, and everyday household and entertainment. There were two major advancements in health and medicine in the 1920s and that was the discovery of penicillin and the invention of band aids. The person attributed with discovering penicillin, a type of drug that is used in antibiotics

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“Tuberculosis was another big killer in the 1800s (Humphries/ Bystrianyk 15). By the late 1930’s the death rate had dropped by 92% (Humphries/ Bystrianyk 15). By 1970, the decline had reached over 99% (Humphries/ Bystrianyk 15). During the 1900’s this disease was killing 5 to 16 times more people than typhoid, scarlet fever, whooping cough, measles, or diphtheria (Humphries/ Bystrianyk 15).” Despite the substantial amount of deaths from Tuberculosis many good treatments to not only treat tuberculosis but to help cure many other infections and bacterias appeared.

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We thought that Penicillium was not inhibited because of structural differences between it and the susceptible fungi, but it is possible that penicillin killed off the bacteria. Unfortunately, the short stay prevented us from confirming our theory, and I left Costa Rica, longing for an extended research

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Amid Alexander Fleming 's Nobel discourse he said, "After I finished my research, biochemist Dorothy Crawfort Hodkin used x-rays to determine the atomic structure and molecular shape of penicillin. " (Fleming,2)Dr. C.G. Paine, dermatologist Albert Nutt were two famous doctors who used Hodkin’s research to develop several startling cures with the new substance as early as 1930 (Krebs,23) All of the fresh out of the box new research and the newfound properties of penicillin brought these new anti biotics which cured maladies that were very common, which balanced out various sorts of microbes. The life expectancy of the urban population increased by 3 years.

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Well that is what Camilla Lisanti thinks. Camilla Lisanti was at the dinner table one night with her parents, they are scientists and are constantly talking about medicines and other cures for diseases. That night the topic was cancer and a popular topic, and they asked Camilla how she would cure cancer. She responded “ like when I have a sore throat”. She meant regular antibiotics.

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However, the physicians did not reveal the actual purpose of the study. Consequently, penicillin was the most effective medication, but the doctors decided to withhold treatment (Bozeman, Hirsch, & Slade ,

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Since as long as human life has been recorded, humans have been creating and inventing countless things to suit each need. Whether that be how we shelter ourselves, to how we hunt, or now in day, how we can provide a cure to live a little longer. Or as some people call it- medicine.

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