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Social Ecological Resilience

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1 Introduction This study forms part of a broader research project that investigates ecological resilience and human disturbances in small urban parks and their implications for urban park design, planning and management. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a method for integrative evaluation of ecological and anthropogenic characteristics of small urban parks. Small urban parks, often referred to as pocket parks (Nordh et al. 2009; Peschardt et al. 2012; Nordh & Østby 2013; Peschardt et al. 2014), can comprises a range of outdoor public area from grey spaces (such as small squares, paved areas) to green spaces ranging from trees to lawns and flower beds (Nordh et al. 2011). For the purpose of this study, we defined small urban parks …show more content…

As mentioned, small urban parks are important for habitat connectivity, as stepping stones and as supplement to larger urban parks (Forman 1995). However, the importance of small urban parks in supporting urban biodiversity and ecological function is often overlooked, where larger parks have traditionally been in focus (Forsyth & Musacchio 2005). In order to assess specific social-ecological systems at the level of small urban parks, it is important to identify site-specific factors. The importance of site-specificness is also recognised in urban and landscape design, as for example highlighted by Kahn (2005) who stresses that urban sites are dynamic; they change over time and as a designer or planner one should be aware of this and incorporate these dynamics into their decision. Furthermore, the factors beyond the urban site’s boundary are actually influencing the events happened in the sites (Kahn 2005). Hence, small urban parks as (part of) urban sites have to be studied spatially and temporally, and study should include site context in order to obtain a better understanding of social and ecological characteristics and …show more content…

This option does not require the observer to interact with the study subjects, and the subjects do not know that they are being observed (Blankenship 2009; Liu & Maitlis 2013). Several past studies have applied similar methods for assessment of urban green spaces. Tzoulas & James (2010) used the method to evaluate recreational use and activities in urban green space. Ostermann (2010) also applied structured observation to gain data on people’s everyday activities. Meanwhile, Ngesan et al. (2012) used a similar approach to map human behaviour and activities during nighttime in an urban park. In this study, we used structured observation to capture not only the variety of human activities but also to assess the animal species richness, soundscape (types of sound) and smells. Field measurements were used to measure the features and landscape elements in the parks, vegetation diversity and structure, as well as sound levels. The methods of structured observation and field measurements have been used in an integrative framework to study the socio-ecological characteristics of small urban

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It may lead to the result that one of the major ideas behind the planning and reshaping the site was “human-friendly” since it worked as an open public park for individuals and communities. For instance, the built pathways for walking and cycling propose all over the Park; river banks and bridges of the Maribyrnong River. In order to achieve the idea of “human-friendly” by building those settings, the government will have to reshape the landscape for the convenience of construction of roads, pathways, shelters and play-space (Figure 3.3). The impact of human would start from the construction but keep having an influence on the site in further usage. Since the government policy was setting only few garbage bins or even none in the Brimbank Park, the waste has become one of the environmental issues in the Brimbank Park that caused by human activities.

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The author of an opinion piece titled "Dallas Needs More Parks, and Mayor Eric Johnson's Idea to Take Inventory of City-Owned Land Is a Good Start," published in The Dallas Morning News on December 2, 2019, argues that Dallas is falling behind in the amount of accessible park space and that Mayor Eric Johnson's proposal to take an inventory of city-owned land to determine what can be transformed into parks is an excellent first step in addressing this issue. The article by the author appeared in The Dallas Morning News. The author humanizes the topic of accessible park space by adopting a range of rhetorical techniques, and he addresses a broad audience to motivate people to advocate for change. This essay is likely to be read mainly by Dallas

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What is social vulnerability? The idea of social vulnerability inside the emergency management setting was first presented in the 1970’s when emergency managers first realized that vulnerability also encompasses socioeconomic influences that negatively impact resiliency to disasters or emergencies. Form the perspective of an emergency manager social vulnerability refers to the socioeconomic and demographic factors that impact the resiliency of individuals, groups or communities. It has been well established that not all classes of individuals living within a disaster area are affected by the disaster in the same way.

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An example of this is a park in Austin located on block 124, which is surrounded by Congress, Mesquite, and 10th street (Bauder 2015 map). This movement of the natural environment into the urban jungle was carried by the Public Parks Movement. Frederick Olmsted was one of the best known people working on this movement. He wanted to reconnect people to the nature that they were set apart from as a way to heal the citizens both physically and socially. Today parks are an important part of cities.

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