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The Health Belief Model: Theory Of Planned Behavior

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The Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the first and broadly used theory of health behavior. (3)see Abraham and Sheeran, 2005, for a recent review).It was developed to understand peoples’ beliefs about whether they are at risk for a certain disease or health problem, and their perceptions to seek prevention mechanisms or early detection and treatment (50,20,36,93).The HBM states that health behavior is constructed by two cognitions: perceptions of illness threat and evaluation of behaviors to counteract this threat. Threat perceptions are based on perceived susceptibility of the individual to the illness and the perceived severity of the consequences of the illness for the individual. Similarly, evaluation of possible responses involves consideration …show more content…

The Health Belief Model (Picture taken from Mark Conner) The HBM has also inspired a range of successful behavior change interventions (Jones et al, 1987).The common-sense operationalization that HBM uses including key beliefs related to decisions about health behaviors is taken as a strength. The psychological readiness to take specific action and the extent to which a particular course of action is believed to be beneficial in reducing the threat are the two important variables of HBM. (19)(Rosenstock1966:98) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) The Theory of Planned Behavior (2)TPB; Ajzen, 1991) was developed by social psychologists and has been widely applied to understanding health behaviors (6)Conner and Sparks, 2005). It specifies the factors that determine that individual’s decision to perform a particular behavior. TPB added “perceived behavioral control” to the earlier Theory of Reasoned Action (1)( Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980). The TPB explains that the key determinants of behavior are intention to engage in that behavior and perceived behavioral control over that behavior. Intentions in the TPB represent a person’s motivation or conscious plan or decision to exert effort to perform the …show more content…

To have a good plan in health and behavioral change it is necessary to recognize the ethics involved in health interventions and be familiar with the ethics framework for public health action, understand the importance of planning models to guide the program planning process, describe the PRECEDE-PROCEED planning model and describe the phases and steps of program planning to guide the approach to health behavior change interventions. Planning must be a systematic process of inquiry that respects and engages key stakeholders from the very beginning and recognizes that individuals and communities deserve better than

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The Theory of Planned Behavior

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In various research social support, self regulation and self efficacy were considered as important factors to behavior change. Theory of reasoned action (TRA) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) explains the behavior change as a factor of attitude, subjective norms, intentions and behavior. People got influenced by their environment or society, these influence them to behave in a particular manner. TPB is extension of TRA theory, which includes perceived behavioral control or self efficacy as a major

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However, while physicians treat those who are ill, public health professionals prevent illnesses. Therefore, the government has traditionally utilized two approaches to persuade people to change their behavior are education and regulation (Scheineder, 2016). In essence, education is an essential component of action to promote and prevent. In fact,

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The transtheoretical model of behaviour change describes how people modify problem behaviour or acquire a positive behaviour. The stages of change are the main concepts in the transtheoretical model and include precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance (Prochaska et al., 2002 as cited in Polit & Beck, 2014). The main idea of this theory, according to Polit and Beck (2010) is, “the stages of change which conceptualizes a continuum of motivational readiness to change problem behavior…….” This theory speaks to individuals, each at a particular stage in the continuum towards the desired behaviour. Prochaska, Redding and Evers (2008) stated that to progress through the early stages, people apply cognitive, affective, and evaluative processes.

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The limitations of the TRA led to the development of the TPB by Ajzen (1991) to predict behaviors where people have incomplete or low volitional control. The TPB accounts for factors outside individual control that may affect the development of intention and behavior. (1991) developed the theory of reasoned action through adding construct "perceived behavioral control" into the model as a determinant of behavioral intention and behavior, and called it as "theory of planned behavior". This social-psychological theory with regard to perceptions of performance control, attempts to predict involuntary behaviors, too. It determines the Impacts of three factors, i.e. "Attitude", “subjective norms” and "perceived behavior control" on tend to behave (Riivari, 2005).

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Knowing about personal health risks, making changes to lessen them, and sticking with these changes are important for maintaining optimal health. In the end, each individual is responsible for their own actions, and becoming educated about their risks will help them to make better choices. The audience for this persuasive essay will include both employers and employees. The first challenge in reaching this audience could be potential privacy concerns. Employers should not have access to health records of their employees that is not work related, and some may worry that their medical information will be shared.

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In fact, the theory of planned behavior differs from the theory of reasoned action in its addition of perceived behavioral control.” (Ajzen I. , 1991, p. 183). Ajzen adds that in this construct control beliefs determine intention and action. He also noted, “The more resources

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