The Sandusky scandal had a huge impact on Penn State. There were many areas of the University that were affected. Management was definitely affected. According to Crandall, W., Parnell, J. & Spillan, J. (2013), there were four management level members of the University who were either fired or forced out. It included president Graham Spanier, senior vice president of finance and business Gary Schultz, athletic director Timothy Curley, and legendary football coach Joe Paterno. All of these men were highly respected officials prior to the scandal. They also wrote that the football program received severe sanctions which had a negative impact on the marketing of the University. In other words, the image of Penn State had been severely damaged.