The ideals and methods of Tang China and Charlemagne’s government, both are powerful political figures of their time. Each government has their own similarities and differences that make them unique and suited to the areas they ruled. Starting with Tang China, the ideal ruler was known as the "Son of Heaven" and was believed to rule by the Mandate of Heaven. The ideal ruler was expected to be wise and follow the Confucian principles, and ruling with the welfare of the people in mind. In Tang China, the ruler was expected to be benevolent and just, taking care of the welfare of the people(Lecture).
The two dynasties believed in two different forms of religion. Another difference is their technological advancements. Technology was used differently in each empire. Finally, the Gupta’s and the Qin had similar politics and government.
The overthrow was not ordered by the president
Other than religion, both Rome and China were discrepant in governmental intuition. While Rome had Roman Republic—where people are elected as the president, Han dynasty had a Bureaucracy—where rules are made by state officials. Their way of governing differs from each other because in the Roman Republic, the power was mostly determined by the citizens whereas the Bureaucracy in Han China was the elite classes who made the important decisions. Unlike China, Rome had written laws in the Twelve Tables that were the rules for the government and the society. Additionally, they both are correlative in receiving money of their citizens.
The Song China and Abbasid Caliphate share similar political models. They both have central forms of government, and did not have tightly controlled administrations by its limited set of rulers. The Song China placed more emphasis on civil administration and accepted various candidates from different backgrounds. Similarly, the Abbasid Caliphate formed a government comprising of Arabs, Persians, Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and others.
Many factors and events have led and caused the overthrow of the
The Zhou dynasty 's political structure was very similar to the Shang Dynasty 's had been, with minimal alterations. Like the Shang Dynasty, Zhou had their king designate officials to govern the territories within the kingdom. Unlike Shang, the Zhou Dynasty possessed the "mandate of Heaven." This concept stated that the king is a representative of Heaven and that is how Heaven kept order throughout the universe. The king was both responsible for ruling with compassion and efficiency, as well as in a manner to keep the gods calm so that his people would be spared from natural calamities and bad harvests.
The Han Dynasty in China and the Roman Empire shared many similarities and differences when it came to political rule and the nature of their political authority. The most significant difference between the two is how the Han dynasty enacted policies that were shaped to counter the wrongdoings of the previous Qin dynasty, whereas the Roman Empire enacted policies shaped to create and promote peace and stability. The difference in the two empire’s coming to power was to account for their variance in political rule. After the Qin dynasty, the Han ruled China for four centuries, enacting numerous political changes and governing one of the most efficacious dynasties in Chinese history.
In three of the world's oldest civilizations, the development of Agriculture proved surprisingly similar. Despite long distances between each culture, especially in the case of Mesoamerica, all three developed “staple” crops that proved very important for their food sources (BBC, FAO, Nair, National Geographic). While China and the Indus River Valley domesticated various animals for food, Mesoamerica did not rely on domesticated animals nearly as much (BBC, Nair), not even for labor (FAO). Although the types of crops they grew resulted in different diets for all three civilizations, the Neolithic Revolution remained the fundamental basis for all their nutritional development (BBC, FAO, Nair). Even with various different features in climate,
Han China and Mauryan India had many similarities. They were both bureaucracies, they both had emperors, and both empires established their laws on religious belief. They also had a lot of contrasting ideas for positioning their people, and they had contrasting ideas for their different religious standpoints. One empire put more weight on logic, and the other more on religion.
The Shang/Zhou dynasties and the Maya civilizations were both powerful entities built around political control. The two governments power came from religion, as their leaders were viewed to be Gods by the people they ruled over. However, the contrasts between them, such as Shang/Zhou China’s monarchy and the Maya’s warring city-states, defined each cultures varied political advancements.
The Qin and Han Dynasties were similar in that they both believed in a strong centralized government, which strengthened and unified their empires, but they differed in that the Qin followed the strict Legalism while the Han followed the more flexible Confucianism, and the way they interacted with outsiders; the Qin tended to be more defensive of outsiders while the Han were more interactive and wanted to build relationships with foreigners. First, the Qin and Han Dynasties believed in a strong centralized government. The implementation of a strong centralized government led to the success and growth of their dynasties. The centralized government creates a pyramid of power and influence, with the main leader, the emperor, on top.
For an example of a philosophical difference between the empires is, while the Songhai empire was predominantly muslim, the Incas worshipped a God called Viracocha. However unlike the Incas, the Songhai empire obtained a religious freedom policy which authorized each person to decide religion for themselves. As for their economics, the Songhai empire was also able to rely on their fishing and livestock to provide food. While the Inca were only provided by their farming, which again was provided by the most unappreciated people in the empire.
To be specific, the belief in Heaven’s Mandate was what legitimized the codified Da Ming lü and provided the basis upon which people followed the law. As Yonglin Jiang analyzed in her article The Mandate of Heaven and the Great Ming Code, “Zhu Yuanzhang decided to restructure his capital city, Nanjing, to correspond more closely with the heavenly pattern. […] Facing south in the Hall of Service to Heaven, the emperor displayed his cosmic status as Son of Heaven and father to his subjects. (Jiang 22)” At the time of the founding of the Ming dynasty, most of China believed in Heavens Mandate, and more importantly, the cosmology that defines
Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient China shared the same type of government. Although Ancient Mesopotamia began ruling its lands with priest kings eventually came to rule just as Ancient China, both civilization believed kings had divine approval. Social classes among both civilization followed the upper class, middle class, lower class structure. Upper class among the two consisted of the higher gods, kings, priest etc. Middle class consisted of peasant farmers, merchants, fisherman etc.
