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Behaviorist Learning Theory

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONCEPTS Behaviorist learning theory (module 1.2) I chose this topic because it has many applications to and utilities. Behaviorism aims to study the laws of association between a stimulus (S) and response (R) of the animal with respect to this stimulus (info). It will be dominant for a half century. These connectionist theories or associationists consider that the individual receives stimuli and sends responses. They focus on studying concrete and measurable elements, that is to say, the "inputs" (input) that are the stimuli and "outputs" (output), which are the answers. They formulate laws (info), governing the establishment of connections: either stimulus - stimulus (S-S), either stimulus - response (S-R). Rat in a cage …show more content…

For learning, it establishes new connections between stimuli or between a stimulus and a response. These theories do not necessarily deny the existence of internal and abstract processes (intermediate variables mental processes ...). However, as it is not possible to observe these processes as the mental functioning of the subject is not accessible both neurobiological and psychological, behaviorism rather not consider. Social learning theory (module 1.2) It takes the concept of direct experience (differential reinforcement of responses produced by the individual) of (neo) behaviorists but which he can not explain that part of learning. It complements this approach by the experience (or learning and by extension, reinforcement) vicarious achieved by observing the consequences of behavior produced by another. "The mode of learning the most basic, rooted in direct experience, is a result of positive and negative effects of the actions. In the affairs of every day, certain responses are effective while others have no effect or bring punitive consequences. It is through this process of differential reinforcement as effective forms of behavior are finally selected, ineffective forms being eliminated. Counseling (module …show more content…

Compliance with, the focus is doing a lot more on the inter-relationship, ie that it is almost to comply with the requirements and physician instructions to please him. With the term of membership, the emphasis is on the patient's ability to adopt an active approach to his treatment. The terms used therefore generate a first debate and show a significant change in the reference concepts reflecting a shift if a break in the medical and social representations of the processes Health behavior (module 10) Many underlying determinants influence health through personal behavior. For example, lack of physical activity, high fat diet, and alcohol or tobacco cause personal risk factors for disease, while regular physical activity and healthy eating cause health benefits. In general, clinicians believe that changing lifestyles of their patients (to help them quit smoking, to start a physical activity program, etc.) is long and difficult. Psychology offers several theoretical models to identify personal and situational factors likely to influence health-related behaviors; they help explain why it is often so hard to change a behavior. Nursing case study (module 11) Lectures (module

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Learning occurs with a change in knowledge that makes a change in behavior possible. Learning itself is not directly observable. The Social learning approaches: The social learning approach arguing that the people can learn new thing by watching other people, they known as observational learner, and they observe ideas. Learning Styles: Every person has their own learning style, some people learn better by listening or speaking the lecture or song and they are very talkative people, this type of learners are prefer using sound and music, And some people understand better by watching videos, by diagrams and detail notes, and some people learn thing more better by doing or touching objects, some people can be mix of following types of learning,

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For example, change in the lifestyle of members and eating habits have resulted in an increased number of persons becoming overweight and obese. It is a chronic disease which poses higher risks to those affected by developing hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and declined quality of life (Khodaveisi et al. 2017). The prevalence of the diseases remains high. One significant approach to maintaining good health is by practicing health-promoting behaviors. Such behaviors are those that enable individuals to screen their health and can thus assist in improving health for the individuals and the community.

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As a result of the healthcare field vastly changing, experts in the field need to work together to obtain a better knowledge of ongoing health problems. There are no single underlying issues that cause health problems. The social and behavioral science theory suggests collaborating perspectives from different areas in the healthcare field such as physicians, public health experts, nurses, and dietitians. Each of these health professionals’ views health-related problems differently

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Thus, behaviorism has had some positive influences in academics. Additionally, through Watson’s founding work, came four conditioning theories; connectionism, classical conditioning, contiguous conditioning, and operant conditioning. Conditioning Theories Connectionism Edward Thorndike, the originator of connectionism, was especially interested

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Paper 1: BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION Becky Templin Clovis Community College February 17, 2018 Introduction The theory behind behavior modification ethics has a reputation for its accomplishments and disappointments. In addition to this, there are many dangers in using physical punishment as behavior modification with the two primary modifiers of behavior being Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. The outcome of using negative reinforcement has its share of benefits and downfalls in human behavior whereas; positive reinforcement seems to win over.

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Chapter three deals with procedures based in the principles of “respondent conditioning”, also known as Classical or Pavlovian conditioning. Classical conditioning is different than “operant conditioning”, in which a behavior is modified through its consequences, known as a reinforcer or punisher. These behaviors are called operant behaviors or voluntary. However, this chapter focuses on “respondent behavior”.

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The aim of this paper is to give a summary of behaviorism theory. Classical and operant conditioning are discussed, as well as the strengths and limitation of using behaviorism as a learning theory. Four real life examples of behaviorism are also given. Behaviorism is a theory that believes that a person’s immediate environment brings about changes in their behavior (Ormrod, 2014). In this theory, the way people learn and behave are explained in terms of how they responses to stimuli in their environment.

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It refers to the balance of the rewards and punishments that follow as consequences of the behavior being performed. The imbalance of this variable’s may increase the probability and likelihood of the individual to commit deviant acts. Accordingly, differential reinforcement is divided into two categories which is either positive or negative, and which occurs in two ways, namely the social and nonsocial reinforcement (Akers, 1998). Positive reinforcement is real and imagined rewards for the commission of the behavior, while negative reinforcement is the avoidance of the individual to escape from the situation (Akers, 1998). In terms of social and nonsocial reinforcement, nonsocial reinforcement refers particularly to the series of events which takes place in socialization process and other learning factors as well as the traits and attitudes of an individual which will lead them to a delinquent life.

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The theory is that behaviour is determined by the external environment. It is a part of psychology that is not related to the study of consciousness instead the study of behaviour within itself. Behavioural theory was founded and influenced in the early 20th century by John B Watson, Ivan Pavlov and BF Skinner. John Watson theorized classical behaviourism which is the objective study of behaviour. Ivan Pavlov theorized classical conditioning where in an experiment dogs associated food with the arrival of the laboratory assistant through learned behaviour through an external stimulus.

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The Positive and Negative of Operant Conditioning and The Most Effective Method There are many ways we can come about in behavior. An American psychologist, B.F. Skinner, introduced the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is known as associative learning and a learning process. The theory is made up of two factors in which behavior is modified through either reinforcement and or punishment.

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At some point in our lives, we have learned by observing the behaviors of others. Observation can play a very important role in determining what and how we learn. It can have positive or negative effects on one 's development and behavior, especially in children. This is demonstrated in the social learning theory.

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Both behaviorism and social learning theory agree that experience is an important ground of learning. They also include the concepts of reinforcement and punishment in their description of behavior. Furthermore, they agree that feedback is important in promoting learning. Most of the principles of the social learning theory were developed by Bandura (Papalia, Olds & Feldman, 2007).

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In its most general sense, Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning developing as a result of the ideas and beliefs shared by a group of people who has influenced educators’ view of learning. The term behavioral psychology refers to a psychological approach which principally concerned with stimulus-response activities and emphasizes the role of environmental factors in a learning process, to the exclusion of own free will. There is a tenet of behavioral psychology that “only observable, measurable, an outward behavior is worth investigating” (Bush, 2006, p. 14). Historically speaking, behaviorism was originated in the 1880s and develops gradually in the twentieth-first century and beyond. Skinner and

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The term “Behaviorism” was the science of observable behaviour according to John Broadus Watson (1903). In Behaviorism, Only behaviour that could be observed, recorded and measured was of any real value for the study of humans and animals and its goal is to explain relationships between antecedent conditions (stimuli), behaviour (responses), and consequences (reward, punishment, or neutral effect). This theory was more concerned with the effects of stimuli because Watson derived much of his thinking from classical conditioning of Pavlov’s animal studies and this is also referred to as “learning through stimulus substitution”.

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New behaviour will continue if it is protected. According to this theory, the learning process is made more efficient if the new behaviour is demonstrated as well. One of the strengths of learning theories is that they developed methods for practical work. The criticism though, is that in their willingness to achieve visible results, they can become influencing. In learning theories, one was not concerned with the unconscious processes, but more with the visible behaviour.

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