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Literature Review On Experiential Learning

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Framework of the Study Cognitive Theory
Cognitive theory is the dominant theory in instructional design and many of the instructional strategies advocated and utilized by behaviorists are also used by cognitivists.
When designing from a behaviorist-cognitivist position, the designer will study the situation and sets a goal. Learning objectives are developed and individual tasks are broken down. In this approach, the designer selects what is significant for the learner to know and recognize, and tries to transfer that knowledge to the learner. Cognitivists consider learners develop learning through receiving, storing, and retrieving information. Through this idea, it is important for instructional designers or developers to carefully analyze …show more content…

The process is continuous, can begin at any of the stages, and there is no limit to the number of cycles one can make in a learning situation. In any activity, learners begin from a step and then continue to the end of the activity. This theory emphasizes that without reflection, we could simply continue to repeat our mistakes. This theory found that learners learn using IM in steps with the likelihood of developing one mode of learning more than the other. The characteristics of this theory are the concrete experiences, thru observation and reflection, thru abstract conceptualization and thru active experimentation. (Wambui, …show more content…

Experiential Learning Theory
Concept Cartoons
Concept cartoons are a new approach to teaching-learning and assessing created by Keogh and Naylor (1999). They feature cartoon style drawings showing different characters arguing about an everyday situation and are designed to intrigue, provoke discussion and stimulate thinking and may not have a single so-called answer.
A typical concept cartoon has the following features: visual representation of ideas; minimal text in dialogue form, alternative viewpoints on the situation, ideas are applied in everyday situations. They are tools that allow teachers to gain learner’s attention, visually focus them on the lesson and create an environment where learners can construct or reconstruct their views on certain topic. Concept cartoons are quick, simple and effective. They provoke discussion and stimulate thinking. (Mill gatehouse: 2014)
These cartoons can be used at the beginning of a lesson to examine learner’s prior knowledge-reveal their thoughts and force them to discuss a certain concept.
Fig.2. Concept Cartoons

Schema

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After reading this week’s chapters from our textbook, one interesting topic that was discussed in chapter five was classifying instructional objectives. When a teacher wants to design objectives, it is important that they use three domains and they are the cognitive domain, affective domain, and psychomotor domain. The cognitive domain involves mental operations from the lowest level of the simple recall of information to complex, high-level evaluative process (Carjuzaa & Kellough, 2017, pg. 136). The affective domain involves feelings, attitudes, and values and ranges from the lower levels of acquisition to the highest level of internalization and action (Carjuzaa & Kellough, 2017, pg. 136). Psychomotor domain ranges from the simple manipulation

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Through implement activities in this classroom, I observed that children have capacity to use materials in variety of ways to learn and explore base on their experiences and interests. Even though I have planned my activity and image how children might approach to the materials, I restrain instructions and let children express how they play and learn. I stay beside to observe and assist when children needed. It is treasure to see how children excited to learn and be creative. In the classroom, I’m sensitive to individual differences and abilities.

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The opportunity to express art is a child’s biggest obstacle to overcome (Althouse et al 2003). “Go Ahead Secret Seven” is a novel written by Enid Blyton. The Year 6 class will predict what will happen next in the novel in the style of Nick Parker animations. Their animation will cover areas including art, music and drama. Children will explore such areas to enhance their animation.

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What would you do if you where part of the “Black Eye of the Month Club?” How would you feel if you where called names constantly and made fun of your physical features? This is what Junior has to go though every day on the reservation and at school. How does he handle all of this criticism? He draws comics about his daily experiences.

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One morning, Sesame street was on and I was able to observe some of the aspects as to which the show tries to promote learning. There were many components and segments during a short period of time in which they promoted learning and activity based skits on how to solve certain problems. One aspect that could be seen

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Picture books are generously demonstrated by illustrations where the illustrations are vital to the gratification and appreciation of the story. Picture books have a major place in children’s literature because of the juxtaposition of images and texts. The proficient critical assessment of children’s literature added to the advancement in print and art reproduction technology, children’s literature has gone through an impressive amplification in finely illustrated picture books. Illustrations aren’t only fundamental to the words of the book but they also are key to the reader adult or child in many ways. Despite the various fear that suggest images may divert the reader’s concentration from text, which result gets in the way of identifying and attaining written expressions.

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In the first category of This teacher, we agreed on adjusting the lesson if we have trouble, enables us to develop confidence and self-esteem in the subject, and creates a positive atmosphere in which we feel part of a team (Hattie, 2012). In part II, we agree on encourages us to try different techniques to solve problems and helps us to construct language and processes of this subject (Hattie, 2012). The third part we agreed on challenges students to think through and solve the problem either by themselves or together as a group, makes the subject come alive in the classroom, and show us interesting and useful ways of solving problems (Hattie, 2012). And in the last category we agreed on helps us to understand how this subject relates to the real world, helps us to make a link between the different topics and other aspects of our lives, and help us realize that this subject is continuously evolving. As one can see there are many areas that we agree upon from this

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Including video clips in a classroom helps students better understand course contents, curiosity and critical thinking. This approach to teaching has had a much more positive impact in students when compared to typical lectures. This article also discusses how higher education curriculum is focused on gaining cultural knowledge. With this knowledge students will be more “proactive, creative and reflexive when in cross- cultural behaviors” (Addo & Castle, p4). This is important to think about because this knowledge is a vital component when tied back to videography.

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Furthermore, in contrast to Gibbs and Atkins and Murphy’s model of reflection, Kolb only has four stages which only makes his learning cycle suitable for brief experiences but requires less complexity. His four stages include, firstly achieving a concrete experience, secondly reviewing and contemplating the experience which is the reflective and observation part of the cycle, the practitioner will then be in abstract conceptualisation which signifies the learning outcomes which includes what they have achieved and absorbed. The last stage is the active experimentation which includes attempting to put into practice what they have learned. This also differs from both Gibbs and the Atkins and Murphy’s model of reflection because in the last stage the practitioner is able to use his reflection and attempt to put it into place whereas Gibbs and Atkins and Murphy both do not suggest this. Overall, these models of reflection can be all beneficial as they are all different.

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Description Reflection is a necessary component in learning to regulate opinion, feelings, and actions. Reflection links experience and knowledge by providing an opportunity to explore areas of concern in a critical way and to make adjustments based on these reflections (Knowles Z., Tyler G., 2006). I will be using the Gibbs G (1988) Learning by Doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods (Davies S., 2012).

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How to apply Cognitive Theory in real world teaching It is very important to carefully assess the children’s current stage of cognitive development. With the help of this, teacher can arrange the lesson and tasks according to their development level.

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