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Fatty Acids In The Kite Runner

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At the start of the race where the runner is at rest and before commencing running, energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used to fuel metabolic reactions and functions. Muscle is mostly using fat at rest as an energy source, which is indicated on the great metabolic race graph that approximately 67% of fat and 33% of carbohydrates are used for energy consumption. Fats, which are also called triglycerides, are composed of three monomers of fatty acids attached to the three OH group of the glycerol. Additionally, it is a very good energy storage and stores more enegy than glycogen. In order for cells to energy stored in triacylglyceride, mobilization of triacylglyride into fatty acids and glycerol, activation of acetyl-CoA and their subsequent transport to the mitochondria and finally degration of fatty acid into acetyl-CoA and generation of ATP. Triacylglycerol is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by the enzyme triacyglyceride lipase. The fatty acids binds to serum albumin and travels through the bloodstream to the mitochondria while the glycerol travels to the liver for metabolism because the fatty acids of the triglyceride is insoluble in water and therefore cannot travel through the bloodstream. The …show more content…

A total 8 cycles takes place in the citric acid cycle which begins with acetyl CoA that condenses with oxaloacetate to produce citrate and at the end of the CAC cycle oxaloacetate is generated again for another cycle. In CAC 2 CO2, 1 GTP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH is produced. CAC is highly exergonic with –50.3 KJ/mol. Acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate that produces 2CO2 and oxaloacetate. 3 NAD+ +6e- + 6H+ is used to produce 3 NADH + 3H+. Similarly, FAD + 2e- +2H+ is also used to synthesise FADH2 and GTP is formed from GDP + Pi. These energy carrier will enter the electron transport chain to produce

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Higher muscle lactate accumulation and venous plasma lactate concentration is observed in a high ambient temperature compared to a moderate temperature. It was previously shown that muscular glycogen utilization is enhanced in during exercise under high temperature (Febbraio et al., 1994). Therefore it is thought that the increase concentration of lactate in muscle under high temperature is caused by accelerated anaerobic glycolysis. Thus more lactate is released into the blood stream. When the exercise to exhaustion in the high temperature happens, muscle glycolygen are not exhausted.

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They do this in order to look their very best for their competition, hoping to receive first place. Competitors need about 7-12 g/kg/d of carbohydrates daily in order to receive enough glycogen. Glycogen is needed most right before a competition, because it is taken from the carbohydrate and stored into the body to give energy, postpone fatigue, and help their performance to be top quality. When high intensive

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Nutrition is very important for runners. If you want to be a good runner you will need to pay attention to the things you eat. Being in good shape isn't just about exercising, more than 1/2 of being fit is to eat the right kinds of foods. Below there is a list of things you should follow to have a great nutrition. Make sure you are eating the right kind of food.

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When Insulin decreases the rate of lipolysis in adipose tissue, this lowers the plasma fatty acid level. In contrast the hormone cortisol increases sensitivity of lipolysis (which increases the breakdown of free fatty acids) in adipose tissue to lypolytic hormones. Similarly, the hormone adrenaline increase the rate of lipolysis by hydrolysis and thus fatty acid release. Insulin stimulates the release of fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in tissues and increases the uptake of triglycerides from blood into muscle and adipose tissue.

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The regulation of metabolism may be from within the cell or outside. The metabolic flux can be regulated by non-equilibrium reactions. The intracellular regulatory strategies include allosteric enzymes, substrate cycles, enzyme interconversion cycles etc. the cyclic AMP and phosphoinositide systems are major mechanisms of signal transduction. Metabolism is also regulated by hydrophobic hormones which enter their target cells and are able to interact with intracellular receptor molecules.

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Rather, they are specialized to convert these nutrients into chemical energy in the form of heat. This form of thermogenesis is referred to as the non-shivering thermogenesis, and this is important in the body’s defense against cold and also obesity (Ye et al., 2013). These adipocytes which perform these role have numerous mitochondria with unique mitochondrial genetic program which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, energy uncoupling and dissipation leading to heat generation (Kajimura et al., 2010). Normally, energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is generated in the mitochondria of cells when protons that have accumulated in the intermembranous space flow back into the mitochondrial cristae through the numerous ATP synthetase on the inner mitochondrial walls. On the other hand, the abundant mitochondria in brown adipocytes have specialized proteins called the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) or thermogenin which is permeable to these protons such that these protons flow across the inner mitochondrial membrane through these thermogenins (instead of through the ATP synthetase channel) thereby resulting in energy dissipation in the form of heat (Cannon and Nedergaard,

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Cholesterol is insoluble in water so it needs the transportation facility from a protein to move them around in the body through bloodstream to fulfill their role in the membrane biogenesis. Cholesterol circulates in the bloodstream and enters cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Instead of circulating freely, cholesterol molecules

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Then, tests are performed to determine if the products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are present in the flasks. The citric acid cycle consists of a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of ATP (Biology). The tests detect the presence of carbon dioxide and ethanol. Carbon dioxide should be present irrespective of the type of respiration taking place, but ethanol is present only if fermentation has occurred. Another factor that can indicate whether fermentation occurred or cellular respiration occurred is the amount of glucose utilized during incubation.

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Athletes who exercise strenuously for more than 60 to 90 minutes a day may need to increase the amount of energy they get from carbohydrates to between 65 and 70 per cent. More recent advice also provides guidelines for carbohydrate and protein based on grams per kilogram (g/kg) of body weight. The current recommendations for fat intake are for most athletes to follow similar recommendations to those given for the general community, with the preference for fats coming from olive oils, nuts, avocado, nuts and seeds. Athletes should also aim to lower intake of high-fat foods such as biscuits, cakes, pastries, chips and fried foods. Carbohydrates are needed to provide energy during exercise.

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Although carbohydrates are required for high intensity exercise, lipids are required to help access glycogen. Fat oxidation is required to provide energy to the muscles throughout the body during prolonged exercise. Fat oxidation is not linked to the amount of fat consumed through diet. The body will have a positive balance of fat when there has been an excess consumption of energy sources (e.g., overeating), or a restriction in accustomed physical activity. When the amount of carbohydrates consumed is increased, the greater the percentage of carbohydrates consumed as energy will increase.

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1.4. Lipoproteins Lipoprotein is a biochemical molecule that composed of both proteins and lipids, and through which fats move through the bloodstream. Lipoproteins, act as transport vehicles for triacylglycerol and cholesterol in the plasma as lipids are hydrophobic macromolecules that are insoluble in water [117]. 1.4.1. Lipoproteins Structure Lipids, such as cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and phospholipids, are not soluble in aqueous solution.

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(2004) study showed a positive correlation between performance levels during high endurance activity and found that carbohydrates ingested during exercise are beneficial in optimizing endurance performance. While looking at studies done both before, during, and after to examine the sufficient timing to consume carbohydrates to improve one's overall performance levels and reducing fatigue. Study was interesting as it read in such a chronological order of who first determined the information of carbohydrates being the number one component of an athletes diet rather than protein. With the first to recognize carbohydrates as a fuel source during exercise being Keogh and Lindhard. Then following important observations made by made by Levine el al who measured participants after the 1923 Boston Marathon and found that most runners had low blood glucose levels and were a cause of fatigue.

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The pyruvate molecules that were created in glycolysis are then sometimes fermented into lactic acid. Lactic acid can be used to transform lactose into lactic acid, for example in the making of yoghurt. This process is also used in animal muscles when they require extra energy in their tissue in order to run faster than oxygen can be given. C6H12O6 (glucose) > 2CH3CHOHCOOHc*lactic acid) is the net equation for glucose to lactic acid.

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then in fruits, sweets and a large number of vegetables). Fat cells are well-equipped cells for this role and have very advanced and sensitive system for pumping, collection and storage of fat. After the first phase, the phase of pumping, sugars, and fatty acids takes an army of enzymes that help in the further production of large molecules known as triglycerides. Created triglycerides are stored in special warehouses in the fat cells, and this whole procedure is conducted by the chief conductor:

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