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Marx Vs Hegel

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18th and 19th centuries are the start points of mechanization and industrialization .During this era, society was transformed from feudal structure to industrial society due to changing production systems. Europe was the most affected area within the changing production systems and building new type of society. Therefore, Many European thinker in that period built theories for the changing structure and reshaped it. Marx who influence following social scientists until today with his theories is one of those thinkers. In this paper, I’ll analyze Marx’s social theory, relations of production, social classes and the structures of capitalist society. Hegelian dialectic approach was the key figure for Marx while he was building the social theory. …show more content…

" (Avineri, pp . 13, 9, 14) Marx rebelled against Hegel's philosophy in which ideas were taken to be the important determinants of history. Marx’s critique of Hegel had moved from the history of ancient philosophy, to the conception of the state. To what extend is Marx far from Hegel? To Hegel, ethical life has three components which are civil society, family and government. Those components make understanding freedom and articulation of reason at higher stage easier. However, Marx’s critique of Hegel’s philosophy of the state allowed him to see that both civil society and the state were alien to a truly human life, which at that time he called ‘true democracy’ .(Smith) Economic bases is significant for social analysis of Marx. Productive forces and relations of production are the key concepts of his analysis. Those are relevant each other and related with other social relations. He sees entering into production relations is indispensable and independent of the will (Marx). Production relations specify general process of social, economic and political life. Marx’s ideas can be best explained by: …show more content…

Social organization could be referred by relations of production. On the other hand, using natural sources is one of best feature of human as distinct from an animal. For Marx, history is dependent on the existence of human beings, who produce their own means of subsistence, and the resulting means of production determines their way of life. Society can only develop, history can only progress, and ideology and power can only work if every cycle of production is followed by another cycle of production. To what extent does social structure related with production relations? To Marx, in past, economic systems, for example, feudal society, a man worked for himself and produced and made what he needed for himself and his family, while trading on a small scale to purchase from small businessmen his other necessities. From these activities he received senses of identity and self-worth, and he had the power to develop mentally and physically in whatever area he desired. Separation from the activities that gave him pleasure, satisfaction and purpose in life caused him to feel detached from himself and all things around him, and he felt a loss of purpose. On the other hand, the worker was now in a situation whereby he did not produce an entire item, had no control over what he produced, and was now in competition with other men for his livelihood (Marx).In

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Marx explains that society needs to be understood by studying real, existing human beings. We think about individuals historically to gain an understanding of reality. Physical survival is the key component; moreover, individuals need to survive to create history in which Marx studied to create explanations. Social production is a fundamental part of Marx’s theory of historical materialism. He asserts that individuals need to organize themselves and create some sort of order to survive.

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Karl Marx developed his theories about socialism in the 1800’s. Although Marx’ had written so much about capitalism so long ago he foresaw the increasing gap between the rich and poor. Even in the United States the worlds richest country, the capitalist system continually exploits the working class which causes the gap to become greater and greater which causes an increase in social inequality. Marx is seen as one of the three founders of the social sciences along with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber. His contributions to sociology include the framework of dialectical materialism and separation between social classes of people or a conflict perspective.

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Marx argues that due to division of labor and class struggle, “man comes to objectify himself through this mere one-dimension he has created and identifies with” (Marx p.475). The class struggle resulted from division of labor created an inequality where some will own the means of production, and the lower class who provides or sells their labor or “self” to survive working for those owners of means of product. This two groups are simply explained as bourgeoisies and proletariats by Marx. As the industrialization and society modernizes, the inequality will prevail observably. Marx argues that the proletariats will revolt against bourgeoisies and lead to the fall of capitalism and rise of communism.

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The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels discusses the history of class conflicts. Marx and Engels talks about how the direction of all the societies is determined by the modes of production. Modes of production are the varied ways that human beings produce the means in order to survive and continue to support human beings. Marx specifically believed that modes of production could characterize human history. They believe that once the mode of production does not satisfy the societies there will be a revolution between the classes.

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The Industrial Revolution cast its shadow upon European cities and towns. Some enjoyed this shade while others suffered tremendously because of it. Those who enjoyed the luxuries and wealth that the Industrial Revolution provided, the bourgeoisie, depended on the needs of the poor, the proletarians, to increase the size of their monstrous factories and ultimately their wealth and influence. In “The Communist Manifesto” Karl Marx discusses the effects of the Industrial Revolution in further dividing society by creating new social and economic hierarchies. In addition to his observation of the division of labor, Karl Marx believed, that due to the technological shift from craftsmanship to machinery this also caused division of labor and the appreciation of proletarian handmade goods was disregarded.

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During the 19th and early 20th century there were many great social thinkers who bought different opinions about significant historical events happening during these times. These social thinkers were Karl Marx, Emilie Durheim and Marx Weber. Each social thinker made great contributions to society today where sociologist still use their theories. For this question, I will be focusing on Karl Marx and how Modernity, Alienation and the European Enlightment impact Marx’s writing. It was Karl Marx who witnesses for himself the “chaotic social change marked by industrialization and urbanization”(Bratton and Denham 2014:25).

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The history of the World is the history of class struggle, this is what Marx said in the very beginning of the Communist Manifesto. During every epoch there were dominant and subject classes and, the struggle of the subject classes is what eventually brought the changes (Marx and Engels, 1848). For Marx, however, the first change that needed to occur was not one of society but an economic one. He saw the World as a series of steps that can be represented by a succession of different modes of production. For him, in fact, economy and production shape the other sides of society, are the Base for a Superstructure that includes everything that is not directly connected to production (Worsley, 2002).

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Karl Marx’s ideas mainly revolves around the movement and process of history and struggle of real people. He coined the term as Dialectical Materialism; everything is a material object and every item in existence conflicts with another object. Unlike Hegel, Marx believes the internal drive to change society was driven by a materialistic idea, “…Marx looked at the forces of production--the way humans collectively produce their means of subsistence and reproduce themselves--as the source of internal change, contradiction and conflict” (Ruder). According to Marx, his idea is in direct opposition to the German ideology, which focuses on Heaven to Earth: spiritual to material.

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To which the economy influences these aspects of society. Marx, comparatively to Plato and Hegel, emphasizes material reality over the ideal reality. Individual consciousness comes from the ruling class, the bourgeoisie. To Marx, the ideas of the bourgeoisie that trickles down to the proletariats, are from the "dominant material relationships" (169) in society. In summary, Marx inverts Plato and Hegel 's ideologies by rejecting the concept of God and that it is only human nature that drives

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Karl Marx's writings display his views on society and its shortcomings, as well as, how he perceives society is progressing. Marx views progress as inevitable and uses his knowledge of history to advance his theory (The Communist Manifesto 158). Marx's theory of history revolves around the concept of historical materialism which includes the idea that history drives forward by conflict between two opposing forces (158). Some scholars argue that his concept of historical materialism is merely economic determinism which is the idea that humans have no real role in in what happens to them, but that everything is determined by economics. However, I contend that Marx's theory is not wholly determined by economic determinism, but that human agency

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On January 1859 Karl Marx claimed the impact and the importance of any political institution to any society: “In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines

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As in Hegel, in Marx and Engels subject is located on the dynamic yet totalizing terrain which determines his or her subjectivation. Nonetheless, in Marx and Engels this terrain can be altered and transcended by coordinated revolutionary action which would open up a space of freedom for subjectivities. However, it is hard to see how the political antagonisms in the Schmittean sense can be effectually resolved and eradicated. Moreover, if we assume, following Aristotle and Arendt, that human being is necessarily defined by the political character of his existence, then any vision of the ultimate cessation of politics appears flawed. At the same time, I wanted to unravel the obvious originality of Hegel's and Marx's positions concerning anthropological and political issues.

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Part of what defines a society is the economic system their country chooses to adopt. In modern times most countries have chosen capitalism. However, the opposite of capitalism, communism, has been attempted by multiple countries but has never worked nearly as well as its divergent. In capitalism “ most of the means of production are privately owned and production is guided and income is distributed largely through the operation of markets” (Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica). Whereas communism represents and idealistic doctrine that “aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of at least the major means of production and the natural resources of a society” (Dagger and Ball).

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This idea of social creation based on class conflict, economic repression, and the series of epochs creates the overarching theory of Marxism. The emphasis on the economic relationship in regards to human philosophy becomes the fundamental differing shift in historical approaches. The focus on the laboring class, a subject often left out of past historical dialogues makes Marxism an important school of theory in historical writing. By creating the stages of societal development that each eventually end in its collapse, Marx in such creates his

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