1. How does DNA encode information? DNA is a double-stranded helix composed of a phosphate backbone and deoxyribose, and encodes information by the sequence of its nucleotide bases, which are composed of adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine. DNA undergoes transcription, which produces single-stranded mRNA, which uses uracil in place of thiamine. Next step is translation, in which the RNA becomes a protein, which then can act as structural units or enzymes.
The two chains are form a double helix structure, with the pattern of each chain complementary to the other, with Adenine hydrogen bonding to Thymine, and Guanine hydrogen bonding to Cytosine. The DNA along with specific proteins are further organised into Chromosomes, individual continuous pieces of DNA. b.)
However, the monomers in DNA chains are nucleotides[15], whereas monomers in proteins are amino acids.[16] A phosphate group, a deoxyribose, and a base form a nucleotide. The phosphate group of a nucleotide joins with the hydroxyl group of an adjacent nucleotide, resulting in a phosphodiester covalent bond, forming a water molecule and a single stranded polynucleotide. Complementary base pairing between two polynucleotide chains are essential in forming double-stranded DNA. These chains are held together by the hydrogen bonds formed by complementary base
DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is a type of nucleic acid that holds our genetic information. DNA, located inside a cell’s nucleus, is essentially what makes us and identifies us. This paper will explore DNA, from the time it was discovered to how it has impacted our lives. It will also explore the different scientists who helped contributed to our knowledge of DNA today, from Rosalind Franklin, the first person to see DNA, to James Watson and Francis Crick, who constructed the first model of DNA. Recent studies show how much of a difference there actually is in our DNA versus another person’s DNA.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) holds genetic information inside of all living organisms as the sole component of chromosomes. DNA embraces the information that is kept as a code which is prepared by four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). DNA is known as a double helix structure, a thread-like chain of nucleotides that uses growth, development functioning and reproduction for living organisms and viruses. Five important facts that I found out about DNA is that: 1. 99 percent of DNA is shared by every other human being.
Three billion bases occur within each of us, and it is the arrangement of this linear string that encompasses all the information required to build and maintain an organism; it is our genetic blueprint. Consequently, these strands are capable of self reproduction, a.k.a. a self-replicating molecule (Genetics Home Reference, 2018). See DNA double helix structure in Figure 1. Figure 1: DNA structure (Genetics Home Reference, 2018).
It is extremely difficult as we think of it as the biological principal code. But Lennox emphasizes that to think of DNA as a straightforward code that simply gets translated into biological structure is very much an oversimplification. Science is learning that DNA, and its relationship to proteins, is much more interesting and complicated than this. Lennox describes some of the relevant issues. Science is learning about the ability of genes to switch on or off.
DNA replication lies in pairs of nucleotide bases. Base pairs are joined by weak hydrogen bonds (Lowe 15). Scientists found out how to decode DNA by seeing that it makes copies of itself (Johnson 49). When scientists cracked genetic code they learned how to read DNA sequences. They found out each codon, for example ATG specifies particular amino acid.
1. The Five Codes 1.1 The Hermeneutic Code (HER) refers to anything that is ambiguous, questionable or that isn’t explained in a story. It maintains suspense, so this code is also called the enigmatic code (Barry, 2002, p.151 & Felluga, n.d.). 1.2 The Proairetic Code (ACT) refers to the elements that hook the readers’ interest and involve with the action or behaviors (Felluga, n.d.).
DNA is the biological basis of life due to the fact that all life has the same DNA structure and function. DNA is the backbone of life, for example, chromosomes consist of 2 strands of DNA joined at the centromere, chromosomes have a huge hand in making you who you are. DNA is also transcribed into mRNA which leads to the amino acid chain being built. In Chapter 2 of DNA: The Secret of Life, Watson and Berry confirms that DNA is involved with everything and without it we would cease to exist, that DNA is the essence of life. All species are ultimately related because like I said previously we all have the same DNA structure and function.
The sequence of the bases provides the information, so the DNA is like the hard
DNA The molecules that make up DNA are called nucleotides. These molecules are made up of sugar, a nitrogen base, and phosphate. The nitrogen bases are guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine. DNA is a structure that carries genetic material and is present in nearly all living organisms.
DNA is a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosome. Genomes are the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s
DNA is translated to Deoxyribonucleic acid and it consists of only 4 nitrogen bases. DNA makes up the blueprints for all characteristics in all living things, the 4 bases are Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and thymine. Organisms like bacteria, humans and even dinosaurs have the same DNA system as a genetic code which proves another point of evidence that all life came from a single common ancestor. Species that are similar or closely related are on the phylogenetic tree of life which have their DNA sequences overlap. Technology has been improving more and more with each day passing and that has allowed scientists to not only map out an entire genome of many species but are now able to compare those maps as well.
The newly made mRNA strand travels out of the nucleus to a ribosome where the directions can be made into a protein. A ribosome is composed of one large and one small subunit that assemble around the mRNA. The mRNA now passes through the ribosome. Now, amino acid building blocks are carried into the ribosome attached to specific transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The small subunit of the ribosome arranges the mRNA so that it can be read it segments of 3 nucleotides.
