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The Pros And Cons Of Therapeutic Cloning

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In nature, there is an abundance of naturally occurring clones. Many single celled organisms and invertebrates like bacteria and hydras reproduce asexually. Asexual reproduction occurs when there is only one parent. The sole parent organism has the capability to produce an exact genetic replica of themselves (UCMP 2016). Comparatively most mammals do not have the capability to reproduce and clone offspring. Humans reproduce sexually to adapt to certain situations and maintain existence. The only way to produce a human is to have an egg and sperm meet each other. What if there was a way to do so without these two meeting? Scientific research has made strides towards artificial cloning specifically reproductive, therapeutic, and gene cloning. Gene cloning is used to make identical copies of specific genes to study and understand how they function (Khan Academy 2016). In the case of reproductive cloning whole animals are produced with identical genetic make-up (NHGRI 2017). …show more content…

Unlike gene cloning, reproductive and therapeutic cloning have been faced with ethical encounters. There are many researchers and scientists who are supporters of cloning, but there is still backlash from much of society. The legalization of both reproductive and therapeutic cloning is at a standstill but a lack of legislation has yet to exclusively ban either of them. Ultimately, cloning is an ethical debate without many limits or restrictions. Examining all the arguments surrounding cloning is the only way to understand what is morally right and wrong and how to ethically handle

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A clone is an organism or group of organisms or cells descended from a single ancestor and having genetic material identical to that of the ancestor. A scientists in scotland had successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly, in 1996. Dolly was the first Adult mammal ever cloned. The first animal cloning experiments were done with frogs in the 1970’s the experiments were not successful because the cloned frogs only lived to the tadpole stage. Cloning Experiments continued over the next two decades.

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Scientists have cloned various animals to attempt to reproduce an exact replica of the original animal. One major reason why cloning animals is an ongoing issue is that it causes suffering for animals. It is said that “animal surrogates were manifesting adverse outcomes, and cloned animals were having diseases and even high mortality rates. One of these negative results is the large offspring syndrome (LOS), where clones are large at birth since they came

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James Joyce once said that “mistakes are the portals of discovery.” However, when it comes to the field of genetic engineering, specifically cloning, mistakes, or even discoveries, could turn out to be disastrous. Victor Frankenstein found this out when, in the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, he discovers the secrets to creating life which, some might say, led to a horrifying 8 foot tall creature. Nonetheless, cloning has become a lucrative field in the past twenty years since the first sheep was cloned. The process of cloning is essentially extracting tissue from an organism and growing the tissue within a laboratory by means of asexual reproduction.

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In recent years, there has been and still is much debate over stem cell cloning and its applications. The topics of embryonic stem cells and human cloning are very large and very controversial issues that have many facets to them, and these also tend to be the issues that overshadow the smaller, less heated topics of therapeutic cloning and animal reproductive cloning. Both therapeutic cloning with its hypothetical use in medicine and animal reproductive cloning with its potential to revive extinct species are gallant undertakings, yet both sides also have their share of fallacies and drawbacks. Therapeutic cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer, is in essence the process of substituting the nucleus of an egg for that of the genetic material of the organism being cloned.

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Cloning is the process of creating an embryo by using technology to replicate the genetic makeup of a single individual, making identical genetic copies. There are two types of cloning, reproductive and therapeutic. The type that is the focus of this argument is therapeutic cloning. Charlotte Kfoury defines, in her article “Therapeutic Cloning: Promises and Issues”, therapeutic cloning as “the transfer of nuclear material isolated from a somatic cell into an enucleated oocyte

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Human Cloning for Organ Harvesting: The Right to Self-Preservation and Responses to Opposition After Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, the public outcry included questions on the possibility and (im)morality of human cloning. Responding to this burning issue, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Council of Europe stated their independent positions that human reproductive cloning is wrong as it violates “human dignity” (as cited in Schuklenk & Ashcroft, 2000, p. 32). The European Commission’s advisory department agreed that human cloning is unethical, a decision supported by numerous Christian philosophers in the U.S. and Europe as they explored the vast, harmful consequences of both the research

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In the case of sheep cloning, scientist could use a procedure called the somatic cell nuclear transfer, which is the use of a non-sex cell, and were able to move its nucleus into an egg cell that had had its nucleus and DNA remove, added some chemical tweaks, and then the new egg cell started to work just like a freshly fertilized egg. Although sheep cloning was a huge step in genetic discovery, the clones of other organisms have been around for

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Cloning animals has been around for the last century, and with each year, becomes bigger and possibly more controversial as researchers discover new advances in the field. In 1903, the word clone was developed by Herbert Webber and his understanding of the word was taking a cell from a sexually produced ancestor and creating a group of cells asexually. In the 1950’s, newts and frogs were cloned by the first successful nuclear transfers from adult donor cells. Nuclear transfers are the process of taking the nucleus out of the egg from the recipient cell from the frog or newt and fusing the adult donor cell into the egg cell. The first somatic nuclear transfer was achieved to clone frogs in 1977, which means using an adult donor cell of a somatic cell from any part of the body.

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As cloning will enble them to reproduce at a rate that will bring their population up. Cloming is a reletivly fast prosses as many offspring can be produced within one getation period. If the species is very near extention or extent and their are not enough organisms to carry about reproduction. Scientists can take a DNA and insert the clone into a organsim from another similar species as a surrogate mother. Until the species is big enough to reproduce itself.

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Look at the success rates of cloning animals via the process of SCNT, the numbers range from 0.1-3%. For every 1000 tries, only 30 clones were successfully created. There are multiple reasons as to why this procedure has such high failure rates: sometimes the nucleus of the somatic cell is simply not compatible with the enucleated egg, the embryo consisting of the egg and the somatic cell nucleus may not be able to divide properly, the process of implanting the embryo into the surrogate mother might be unsuccessful, pregnancy consisting of the implanted embryo might fail. Not only would this make decrease the efficiency of cloning, it would also increase the cost of cloning as it requires more tries hence more resources if the process were to happen

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Animal Cloning: The Artificial Species Animal cloning leaves a bad taste in some people’s mouth because it is seen as an unethical as well as ethical idea, which leaves many people not knowing where they stand on the subject due to incorrect information or no previous knowledge. Animal cloning will affect our world and the agriculture industry for many generations. Animal cloning is defined as the “process by which an entire organism is reproduced from a single cell taken from the parent organism and in a genetically identical manner” (Animal Cloning- Pros and Cons Discussed). Although many professionals in the livestock industry across the world believe that animal cloning is unethical, consumers should support cloning so that as an industry

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Daniel Kao #18 Biology- Period 4 Ms. Gilcrist 14 May 2015 Cloning The idea of cloning is to make an identical copy of something. This process is completed by extracting the DNA from an adult animal cell and insert it into an egg cell. The embryo that is created is then zapped to start multiplying. This continues until the embryo becomes a blastocyst, which is a small clump of cells formed after an egg has been fertilized.

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Reproductive cloning, which creates copies of organisms. 3. Therapeutic cloning, which creates embryonic stem cells. These cells will later be used to grow tissues to replace damaged ones in the human body.

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The technology today is not advanced enough yet. In order to give birth to a cloned baby, women need to risk miscarriages, stillbirths, or the birth of deformed babies in terms of creating just one successful clone. Tim Redford states, “Nobody yet knows how to clone a human humanely. Ian Wilmut, the Roslin scientist who produced Dolly, counts her as just one successful out of 272 attempts.” (Radford, theguardian.com).

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To make a clone, the nucleus from the egg cell of the mother is removed and replaced with the nucleus from the cell of the organism to be cloned. An electric shock triggers the cells to divide by mitosis and an embryo is formed.

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