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Using Neutral Sttimulu Evidence To Support Classical Conditioning

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Learning is a process by which we can acquire knowledge through study and sensory experience. Behaviourist methods such as classical conditioning (Pavlov, 1927) and instrumental conditioning (Thorndike, 1905) suggest how we learn, and do so with varying levels of effectiveness. It is important to establish which influential form of conditioning is more effective, when it comes to explaining learning. The theory of classical conditioning explains the principles of learning via association. Two opposing stimuli can be associated together, to produce a new learned response in both animals and in humans. Discovered by Pavlov (1927), classical conditioning starts with an association between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) such as food, and a neutral stimulus (NS) such as a tone or light. A neutral stimulus does not bring about a response, in contrast with an unconditioned stimulus, which results in an unconditioned response (UCR). However, when paired together over time, the neutral …show more content…

The aim of his study was to see if it was possible for an animal (dog) to learn a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus (bowl of food). This study was carried out by associating a tone from a bell (Neutral stimulus), with a bowl of food (unconditioned stimulus), to induce salivation (unconditioned response). As a result, Pavlov managed to successfully produce a conditioned response of salivation in response to a neutral stimulus (bell). This study suggests that classical conditioning is effective at explaining learning as the dog could learn a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus. Although this study effectively demonstrates learning, it can also be criticised for extrapolation. It is hard to generalise findings from an animal to a human, who may have behaved differently in this circumstance. Thus, suggesting classical conditioning might not be as effective at explaining

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Classical conditioning focuses on using a conditioned response to change behavioural reaction. I will start of by discussing the theory of behaviourism by elaborating more on the theory and how it came about, with evidence on how Watson applied Ivan Pavlov’s theory under his. It will be followed up by the experiment performed on a baby boy called little Albert and then I will finally state the ethical views about classical conditioning on humans. John. B, Watson led the development of behaviourism as a distinctive approach to psychology.

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Known for “classical conditioning.” Created the theory of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. Tested his theory mainly on dogs. His research into the digestion guided him to a science of conditioned reflexes. Reflex Regulation: "Psychic secretion,” arose.

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This discovery founded the basis of classical conditioning, a type of learning in which one pairs a stimuli with a certain response. In classical conditioning, you have an unconditioned stimulus (the food), a neutral stimulus (the bell), an

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A phobia is defined as a persistent and irrational fear of a particular stimulus or situation. The development of phobias is often explained by associative learning where repeated pairing of an unconditioned stimulus (US) and conditioned stimulus (CS) produces a conditioned fear response. Classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviourism, an area which focuses on how the environment and experiences shape our behaviour. Behaviourist Ivan Pavlov (1927) discovered dogs began to salivate in anticipation for food, however when the sound of a bell was presented prior to the presence of food, they began to associate the sound of the bell with food producing a salvation response, known as Pavlovian conditioning. Watson and Rayner (1920)

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This can all be explained through Ivan Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning, which allows us to associate different stimuli to their responses. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian scientist who discovered the process of classical conditioning as a physiologist (Psychology

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​There are many recent empirical examples, knowledge acquired by observation and experiment, that support Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory. An experiment completed by a gentleman by the name of Simon in May of 2014, demonstrates that not only dogs possess the capability of being classically conditioned. Simon constructed a simple yet effective experiment on the fish in his aquarium. Simon posted a short video on his website that showed how his aquarium fish learned to associate food with the sound of a feeder through classical conditioning, a term coined by Ivan Pavlov. Simon says that “there is a brief delay from the moment I hit the button on the feeder to the moment the food enters the water, and the fish search for food as soon

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Nevertheless, Pavlov 's theory of classical conditioning is somehow extreme, as it reduces

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Introduction Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay.   Behaviourism Behaviourism is considered one of the main subjects in psychology and the two main people who founded behaviourism were, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov who were famous for the work they did on classical and operant conditioning (Moderato & Presti, 2006). According to Moderato and Presti

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Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major and key effect towards the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism. It was discovered by a Russian scientist named, Ivan Pavlov. Although it wasn’t discovered by a professional psychologist, it had a tremendous effect towards the word we know today as behaviorism (Cherry, 2016). This kind of aspect thus proves that the environment which surrounds us, has a major effect towards the behavior we may portray. The environment we are exposed to causes us to adapt therefore conditioning our behavior.

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He tested this ‘learning via association’ theory using a bell to see if he could condition his dogs to salivate to the ringing of a bell (ibid). Giving them food caused them to salivate, the saliva being an inbuilt, unlearnt natural reaction known as the unconditioned response (UCR) (ibid). This stems from the food, known as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (ibid). By introducing a neutral stimulus (NS), the bell, and pairing the food with the bell a number of times, the dogs learned to associate the bell with the food (ibid). He then rang the bell without food and the dogs began to salivate (ibid).

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Classical conditioning is conditioning a reflex to occur to when an unrelated, or neutral, stimulus is applied. This is often done through repetition of a single action or set of actions over a period of time. Classical conditioning consists of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), neutral stimulus (NS) and the conditioned response (CS). As a personal example of this I will bring up my cat, Evie. When I arrive home and shut the car door Evie, from wherever she may be, runs not to me but to the front door and becomes excited, the same way she reacts when she actually sees/receives food.

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The major key findings that were discovered in this study include the idea that it is possible that after being conditioned to react to a certain stimulus, the subject could possibly begin to generalize different objects that may cause the subject to react the same way towards the generalized stimuli as the subject did to the original stimulus. Another finding is that classical conditioning is something that could potentially have a long lasting effect on someone, especially if the subject formed a generalization to the original stimulus. The researchers felt that because of the lack of experimental evidence provided about the subject before this experiment prompted them to research it

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Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning (based on Pavlov’s observations) was able to explain all aspects of human psychology. The theory of classical conditioning involves learning a new behavior through a process of association. Meaning that two stimuli are linked together to create a newly learned response. There are three stages of classical conditioning, before conditioning, during conditioning and after conditioning (Mc Leod, 2014). Watson’s theory also involved the conditioning of emotions.

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INTRODUCTION Have you ever thought on how people explain about behaviour? How do we know when learning process has occurred? Learning is permanent change that happened in the way of your behaviour acts, arises from experience one’s had gone through. This kind of learning and experience are beneficial for us to adapt with new environment or surrounding (Surbhi, 2018). The most simple form of learning is conditioning which is divided into two categories which are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

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Pavlov's theory of conditioning opens the gateway to associative memory as

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