Gram positive organisms are susceptible to antibiotics such as penicillin (Introduction to Penicillins, 2012). This is because, gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, a sugar and peptide coating that gives a cell its shape and helps it stay intact (Wiley, 2004). The original antibiotic, penicillin, and the likes are used to treat infections caused by bacteria that are gram positive. Based on the scope of the experiment and the materials needed, a budget estimate of $1,000.00 would be needed to buy reagents and materials for this experiment.
Introduction For two days, on the 14th and 15th of April, a field excursion to Hastings Point, New South Wales was conducted. At Hastings Point, topography, abiotic factors and organism distribution were measured and recorded, with the aim of drawing links between the abiotic factors of two ecosystems (rocky shore and sand dunes), the organisms which live in them, and the adaptations they have developed to cope with these conditions. Within these two ecosystems, multiple zones were identified and recorded, and this report also aims to identify the factors and organisms associated with each zone. Lastly, using data and observations from the past, predictions for the future of the rock pool ecosystem were made.
Last test, inoculation of phenylalanine agar is used to determine if phenylalanine deaminase oxidizes phenylalanine into phenylpyruvic acid and ammonia. Sixth test, is a Multiple Test Media used to determine the physiological characteristics of unknown #398. First test, Inoculation of Kligler 's Iron agar was used to determine the production of hydrogen sulfide from cysteine and fermentation of glucose and lactose. Last test, inoculation of litmus milk is used to determine the fermentation of lactose, casein, lactalbumin, and
This week we went to the Conodoguinet Creek. While we were at the creek we did many different things. One of the experiments we did was the Critter Count which was my favorite. Another experiment we did was the Eutrophication Tests. The last Experiment we did was the bobber test.
We got negative for indole (no production of indole, pyruvic acid and ammonia), negative for Methyl Red (our bacteria does not perform mixed-acid fermentation when supplied glucose), negative for Voges-Proskauer (no fermentation of glucose in order to produce 2,3-Butanediol-Butanediol fermentation), but positive for Citrate utilization, which means our bacteria uses citrate as a sole carbon source and energy. Something interesting here is that according to the lab textbook organism that degrade citrate must also use ammonium salts, and in the process, they produce ammonia that causes the medium to become alkaline (under this condition the medium turns to deep Prussian blue, indicating the utilization of citrate). The genus Alcaligenes is well known for being alkali-producing
Later on the color changed to green, which indicated the pH was 8.0. Then when we tested the pH with the pH strips they both showed the pH as being 5.0. After that, we added HCl or stomach acid and both drugs dissolved and were soluble. We tested the pH and it dropped to 1.0. They both turned a brownish-yellow when the iron nitrate was added and no other pain reliever or antacid looked like those two.
The data observed and recorded in this lab shows that the concentration of miracle gro’ does affect the growth rate and germination speed of black eyed peas. The data is shown through two graphs and two data tables. The control group in this experiment is the seeds with a 0% concentration of miracle gro’, therefore the seeds with just water. The experimental groups are different concentrations of miracle gro’ including a 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% concentration. The variable in this experiment is the amount/concentration of miracle gro’.
Identification of bacteria within Unknown Culture #21 In this experiment, an unknown culture of two different types of bacteria was assigned to each person, a number of tests were performed to isolate and identify these bacterial cells. Based on knowledge from the previous experiments completed in lab, a basic understanding of each type of bacteria was used to create a flow chart that would aid the process of identifying the unknown bacteria within the culture. A gram stain that is performed initially will narrow down the types of tests certain bacteria will and will not respond to. In addition to the gram stain, some of the tests that were used include, a catalase test, an Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar test, a bile esculin test, and a 6.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) test.
This test was conducted utilizing aseptic technique. I first properly labeled the test tube and aseptically inoculated an MR-VP broth tube with unknown bacteria number 5 using a sterile inoculating loop. After 4 days of incubation, I added 4 drops of methyl red ph indicator to the tube. The contents of the test tube turned yellow in color. This indicates a negative test result because unknown bacteria 5 utilized the butanediol pathway instead of the mixed acid fermentation pathway.
A friend from college recently told me that she was the main target of the rumor which was circulating for months before she heard about it. The content of the gossip pertained her intimate life claiming that “she has been fucked” by a guy or more precisely specific “guy fucked her”. Although she admitted having kissed the guy on the party, she claimed that nothing else had happened and even the kiss was the result of intoxication rather than an expression of genuine interest coming from her. What was the most interesting about this gossip was the way she found out about it. She was told by the guy she has been dating recently that when he mentioned her in front of other guys, one of them immediately asked: ‘Isn’t that a girl who that guy fucked?”
After Alamar Blue dye is added, the plate is incubated for 4 hours and then is observed under a spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer can measure fluorescence of the dye at 570 nm, which is the wavelength of the fluorescence of Alamar Blue dye. The spectrophotometer will return values for each well that correlates with the measured absorbance. These absorbance values can be converted to survivability percentage and can be graphed with a GraphPad program as shown in Graph 1A and 1B. The software can calculate survivability of cells by normalizing the absorbance value of the experimental group with absorbance value of the positive control group (Larson et al., 1997).Alamar Blue Assay detects cell viability through the compound resazurin in the Alamar Blue dye.
To begin, one must test for monosaccharides. Glucose is necessary, and is needed to be placed into a test tube at a quantity of 5 mL. 3 mL of Benedict’s solution is then added. The test tube is then placed in a beaker of boiling water for five minutes or until the color changes. If the color changes, then it is known that monosaccharides are present in the solution. Next, one will test for starches.
1% glucose, 1% maltose and 1% lactose all progressively get positive results by changing colours to reddish brown at the end of this experiment. In this case the aldehyde functional group that is present in the products (monosaccharides and some disaccharides) in this reaction is able to reduce copper in the presence of alkali and this produces colour changes while converting to an aldose sugar. Honey is made of fructose and glucose which instantly turned brown after the test-tube was placed in the boiling water because of its active aldehyde and carbonyl group. The copper (II) sulphate present in the Benedict’s solution reacts with electrons from the aldehyde group which results in a redox reaction to from cuprous oxide, a red brown precipitate that seen in all of the above mentioned solutions (Hill, 1982). Beer also gave positive results because it contains aldehydes and ketones (i.e. acetone, trans-2-butenal, furfual) during its beer production process where the sugars are converted through fermentation (Hill, 1982).
INTRODUCTION: Arginase is an enzyme- enzymes are biological catalyst which drives a reaction at the speed of life. Arginase is a hydrolase, hydrolases catalyze hydrolysis reactions, this is determined via the E.C number (Nelson and Cox 2008). Arginase has the EC number is 3.5.3.1 (Schomburg 2015). The enzyme ‘commission number’ is the arithmetical classification that is used for enzymes which indicates the chemical reaction they catalyze.
This can be tested by simply mixing the serum of suspected individual which contain the antibodies with the antigens of specific bacteria the accumulation of clumps confirms the presence of particular bacterial infection.[2] This test can be performed in various ways including slide agglutination reaction, tube agglutination reaction, indirect agglutination inhibition reactions etc. Another important practical application involves blood group test of
