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Social Learning Theories: What Makes An Offender Commit Crimes

1059 Words5 Pages

One of the major questions asked within the Criminal Justice field is, what makes an offender commit crimes? Although we know there is no one distinct answer to this question, we have learned that there are certain factors can contribute to an individual becoming an offender. The broad theory that supports the idea of criminal behavior being learned is the Social Learning Theory. There are four distinct theories that fall underneath the umbrella of Social Learning Theories. These distinct theories are Differential Association Theory, Differential Anticipation Theory, Differential Reinforcement Theory, and Imitation Theory. Although all theories possess many similarities in answering this question, each theory does contain separate ideas that …show more content…

Psychologist Albert Bandura integrated these two theories and came up with four requirements for learning: observation (environmental), retention (cognitive), reproduction (cognitive), and motivation (both). This integrative approach to learning was called social learning theory. Within this theory there is a combination of behavioral and cognitive theories of learning to provide more clarity to the wide range of learning experiences within the real world. First, learning is not purely behavioral, but rather it is a cognitive or thinking process that takes place in a social setting. Next, learning can occur by observing a behavior and by observing the consequences of the behavior. This is usually referred to as vicarious reinforcement. Next, learning involves observation, extraction of information from those observations, and making decisions based of the behavior. This is commonly referred to observational

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The first crime theory I will discuss is Differential Association theory. According to Edwin H. Sutherland, differential association is a learning theory that explains criminal behavior

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Social learning theory and social bonding theory are two theories that may be compared and contrasted because they both overlap and differ. Although these theories have their similarities and differences, one theory may prove to be more convincing in terms of applying the theory to the understanding of crime and delinquency. Social learning theory refers to Akers’ theory of crime and deviance. Akers attempted to specify the mechanism and processes through which criminal learning takes place by explaining crime and deviance; he did this in such a way that the likelihood of conforming or deviant behavior based on the influence of an individual’s history of learning was accounted for. This theory was based off Sutherland’s differential association theory, which had nine propositions outlining the process by which individuals acquire attitudes favorable to criminal or delinquent behavior with the basic idea that people tend to associate with others in which they come into contact.

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For example those who follow the code of the street, that may mean beating someone up to make themselves feel more powerful, but they had to learn that from somewhere as they can not only learn things from their direct experiences but there is also a high chance that they have seen exposed to others that do the same exact thing. Differential association theory which is a strain of social learning theory, explains that criminal behaviour, and the specific techniques that one needs to know to commit crime are learned. This relates to the code of the street because those who abide by it are not only taught the violent or criminal behaviour but are also taught the motivating factors that back up the behaviour. All the residents that follow the street code do because that is what is they are surrounded with and according to the social learning theory, which is explains that crime is learned, they watch how others deal with things and use that as a model. It is a cognitive process in which one’s attitude and their surroundings merge in an ongoing conditioning theory.

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