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The Pros And Cons Of R2P Initiatives

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INTROCUTION To translate the R2P principles to deeds will require serious commitment from all the governments who unanimously affirmed at the 2005 World Summit Outcome that “each individual State has the responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity” (UN world summit, 2005). To relies a credible implementation, it is necessary that Paragraphs 138 and 139 of the Outcome which goes to the real issue of operationalizing the responsibility to protect (widely referred to as “R2P” in English) is sincerely adhered to by all. This brief paper will cover current R2P debate and the complex issue of implementing the R2P pillars which are: Pillar one the protection responsibilities of the State (sect. II). Pillar two International assistance and capacity-building (sect. III). Pillar three Timely and decisive response (sect. IV). These Pillars are developed to ensure that States do not cause harm to their own citizens and cause these four specified crimes and violations: Genocide, War crimes, Ethnic cleansing and Crimes against humanity. However, if it becomes clear that a State is failing its …show more content…

There are different schools of thought in how R2P should be implemented and whether it can help solve problems and produce the desired outcome. This paper accepts the fact that overall, R2P still remains legally contested. There are cases where it has been pointed out R2P was not necessary. A good example of this debate is the International community’s intervention into Libya. The most controversial aspect of R2P is its Pillar III, which relates to the use of coercive military force. The UNSC Resolution 1973 (2011), which authorized the use of force in Libya, marked the first time the UNSC invoked this Pillar

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The Libyan government had been restricted from building up its army, just in case they rise back in power somehow and have a dictator running the nation once again (Aljazeera, UN Security Council keeps Libya arms embargo in place. Also, the no-fly zone had been imposed by a Canadian commander as it had been misused and taken advantage of by the Libyan government as Muammar Gaddafi 's military had conducted airstrikes against Libyan rebels in the Libyan Civil War (United Nations, Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone’ over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary Measures’ to Protect Civilians). This helped in restoring a secure and stable democratic government in Libya, without the threats of dictatorship or violence on the Libyan citizens (Government of Canada, Canada-Libya Relations). "It 's a much bigger role than we played in Kosovo," said Canadian air force

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The case that Tara McKelvey is making in “Arming Syrian rebels: Where the US went wrong” is well supported by facts and experts opinions. The readers can clearly conclude that the US train-and-equip program for Syrian rebels came late and was not serious enough, which led to it being

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The care of civilians during a time of conflict has two arguments Sedgwick’s utility argument and Doctrine of Double Effect or Doctrine of Double Effect prime. I will argue for the Doctrine of Double Effect on the grounds it provide a clear view on what is considering the right actions. While Sidgwicks view allows for all actions to be consider just if framed correctly. Secondly, I will argue that Doctrine of Double Effect prime provides a greater respect to civilians by narrowing its aim. This is due to the update of the Doctrine of Double Effect by Walzer.

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There are several mandates that the PKO is supposed to achieve in country A, and this paper divides those mandates into four stages based on each mission. Also, it describes the goal, purpose, outputs and activities on each mission. I. Immediate Protection Goal: Prevent violence against civilians, which includes direct threats to individuals and communities. Purpose: Prevent physical harm or displacement of civilians, and secure freedom of movement including accessing to livelihoods and essential services. Outputs Operations which physically separate factions could reduce the immediate civilian victimization.

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3. In 1981, Regan convinced Congress to reduce the top tax rate from 70 percent to 50 percent and to index tax brackets to take inflation into account, five years later, the Tax Reform Act reduced the rate on the wealthiest Americans by a mere 28 percent (Foner 1051). Reagan also appointed conservative heads of regulatory agencies, who cut back on environmental protection and workplace safety rules about which business had complained for years (Foner 1051). Reagan’s economic program, was collectively known as “supply side economics” by proponents and “trickle-down economics” by critics, relied on high interest rates to curb inflation and lower tax rates, especially for businesses and high income Americans, to stimulate private investment.

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As Wall, a professor at Notre Dame of the time, is pointing out the pros and cons of protective military interventionism, she points out a principle America follows: responsibility to protect. “When governments are unable to protect their citizens, or are actively terrorizing their own people and committing mass murder, the international community has a responsibility to step in and help those who are victimized” (Wall). Because of America’s position as a world leader, it does, more or less, have a responsibility to protect the people of the world. However, to say that military interventionism, America’s most common form of interventionism, will protect people is to say that one can collect a pint of water in a strainer. There are too many holes in bringing in the military, such as the opposition becoming more violent with the people or a conflict between the countries starting.

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In the UNSC’s article 51, individual and collective self-defense can be authorized by the UNSC under the framework of collective security. However, genocide is never justifiable in the eyes of the UN. Perhaps the most distinguishing feature between war and genocide is the disproportionally ability of those involved to fight back. Within war there is a certain level of understanding that those engaging in the conflict will have an ability to engage in battle. However, historically in genocides the effected groups have had little to no ability to proportionately fight against their attackers.

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About 20 years ago we saw what happened to countries when UN collective Security fails and violence is unchecked. In October 1994, just a few weeks after the Rwandan civil war ended, the UN deployed need to Rwanda to investigate genocide associated violations in support of the UN Security Council’s commissioner expert which was formed by the secretary

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The United States of Americas decision to bomb Libya in 2011, was a decision that has been justified to save lives. Before and during the Libyan conflict the Obama administration had a fear that without intervention a genocide would happen. This justification is a part of a UN-endorsed document called Humanitarian Intervention. This doctrine states that foreign military intervention is needed when nation-states do not or unwilling protect its citizens from gross human rights violations. However, this doctrine has created more problems than solutions in Libya.

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The first great-war shattered the human mind so profound that out of its aftermaths’ emerged a fresh discipline (in 1919 at the University of Whales known to us as International Relations) proposed to prevent war. “It was deemed by the scholars that the study of International Politics shall find the root cause of the worlds political problems and put forward solutions to help politicians solve them” (Baylis 2014:03). International Relations happened to play the role of a ‘correcting-mechanism’ restoring the world order of peace and amity by efforting at its best to maintain the worlds’ status quo. However with the emergence of a second world war much more massive that the first put at stake all the values of that young discipline of IR. The

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These rules are laid down under several international agreements which aimed to give protection to the civilians, women, children, prisoners of war, sick and wounded armed individual. The acts such as torture, destruction of property, cities, towns and villages, killing of civilians and similar acts also considered as war crimes. The differences above show that the genocide crime is narrowed to the intentional killing of a portion of certain group or class of people. In sum, the actus reas and mens rea are the vital factors that differentiate the meaning and context of the abovementioned terms. 2.1 FUNCTION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION & PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE

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However, the principles sometimes contradict with the reality. If a state is mass killing its citizens and breaking the human rights law, the applicability of these principles may be questioned, as well as whether should other states offer rescues to people in misery or just ignore the violence. There are the attempts to establish an institution of humanitarian intervention in international society, especially after the Cold War period, which means to make humanitarian intervention as a normalised practice and integrate it into the international society, in order to defend human rights.

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An example of this was seen during the league of nation era when an occurrence of conflict follows, affiliate member states must stop normal associations and relations with criminal state, execute sanctions and if required commit their armed militaries to the disposal of the leagues of nation council should the use of force be necessary to bring back the status quo. (Cox, Inkberry & Inoguchi 2000,

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Introduction In this article, Eric Poser has elaborated several reasons which made human rights a failure in international legal regime. The most highlighted issues are hypocrite policies of US and EU which has directly questioned credibility and integrity of their law and justice. The second reason is role played by Russia and China, the two major economic powers who in order to sustain their power, are involved in human rights violations. The third most important reason is standardized model of Universal Declaration of Human Rights which is ideal but not practical in various countries.

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