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Comparing Two Articles On Ethics And Animal Experimentation

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One of the main events that led to the development of the Nuremberg code occurred when Nazi physicians were confronted by American prosecutors for war crimes against humanity which included unethical medical experiments in several concentration camps. After being put on trial the Nazi physicians were found guilty and later on that year came about the 10 principles constituted in the Nuremberg Code which includes many principles against experiment participants. One of the results of these principles indicates that animal-based research should be conducted before human experimentation. Meaning that the assumption of animal experimentation can have predictive value for the future experiments that will be done on humans. The Belmont report was promoted by different events, one of the main events being the infamous Tuskegee experiments which involved 399 African American men living in Macon County Alabama, and were infected with syphilis. These men were recruited by Doctors from …show more content…

Also in this article a lot is being discussed about if the actual human needs are actually being met even after running so many harmful experiments on animals in the end is it all worth it, and we actually getting the answers and information that we need from these animals being experimented on. In conclusion I personally do not agree with animal research, to me it does not seem ethical to sacrifice animals in order to satisfy human beings. I feel as though if we as humans have rights and laws to protect us then animals should too, they feel pain and suffer just as we do. When you apply ethics to something, you think about the moral aspect of it all and I just believe that it is morally wrong to do different kinds of test and research on animals that could potentially result in death or other risk

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1511 Words | 7 Pages

Essay 1: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Ethics in research is vital for safe and qualifying results that could potentially help individuals in the future, but unfortunately, this standard of practice is not always enforced. Ideas and documents, such as the Nuremberg Code and the Belmont report, were installed in scientific research to enhance studies for both conductors and participants. Before standards such as these were implemented, many studies were conducted unethically, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment is a clear violation of the Nuremberg Code that still stands as a prime example when discussing ethics in research today. The Nuremberg code was implemented after World War II due to major discussion of the inhumane experimentation on humans in Nazi concentration camps.

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831 Words | 4 Pages

On December of 1946, an American military tribunal proceeds against German physicians who conducted medical experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without consent, which in most cases resulted in disfigurement, permanent disability, or death (“Human Experiments in History”, n.d.). The experiment conducted during the Holocaust included attempts to genetically manipulate twins, malaria experiments, immunization experiments, exposure to chemical gasses and diseases, freezing experiments, among other cruel experiments. The crimes were formed as part of the Nuremberg Trial and in 1948 it led to the development of the Nuremberg Code of medical ethics. The code states that “The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential,” and that the benefits of research must overweight the risks (Shuster, 1997). Additionally, the code states that experiments will avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury (Shuster, 1997).

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761 Words | 4 Pages

The Nuremberg Code was created in response to the Nuremberg Trial; it is a set of ten standards which must be followed when experimenting on humans and involves the necessity of voluntary consent, the avoidance of participant suffering during the experiment, proper preparation, and other decisive rules which stand as the basis for modern ethical review. Freyhofer notes, “The code protects human subjects from abuse by guaranteeing certain safeguards…” (Freyhofer 103). Medical critics agree the Nuremberg Code has led to more secure medical practices and

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987 Words | 4 Pages

“A Question of Ethics” by Jane Goodall and “Animal Research Saves Lives” by Heloisa Sabin presents two sides of the same coin in regards to Animal testing. Thereby, questioning the validity or necessity of animal research and testing today. In “A Question of Ethics” by Goodall she presents a scenery of the living conditions of the animals which are often isolated; posing the ultimate questions of, whether animal research is essential to medical research? Or How many tests are performed only to conform to laws and not out of scientific merit? The Suggestion was made that scientists should explore alternative options, such as testing on cell and tissue cultures.

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482 Words | 2 Pages

German Nazi doctors used human experiments and eugenics to kill many innocent people through human experiments, causing a large number of deaths. After the Second World War, a military court was established in Nuremberg to trial the war criminals of World War II. On this basis, the Nuremberg code was formulated, of which 10 basic principles were applied to all ethical principles commonly applied to human beings. The Nuremberg code is the first international ethical code to regulate the research of human subjects, but it doesn't distinguish life limiting diagnoses clinical research from clinical research on healthy people, nor does it establish a review mechanism for researchers' behavior (Winstein,

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1286 Words | 6 Pages

According to Gina Kolata author of “What Nuremberg Code?”, “American judges heard testimony about Nazi doctors performing horrendous medical experiments on whomever they pleased” and “To insure this would never happen again, the Nuremberg code was written”(Kolata). In the two quotes, it claims that the Nuremberg code was written to get full permission and consent from the human subject being tested. The quotes connect to the idea that the experiments were inhumane and the Nazi doctors abused their use of the method of advancing medical and health knowledge by performing several crimes against humanity that ultimately led them to face the consequences of their actions. Because of the nasty and terrible experiments conducted the Nuremberg code was established and the experiments and the Nazi doctors were put to

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1349 Words | 6 Pages

This essay will discuss the history of both animals and humans as subjects of biomedical research. It will also discuss how different ethical philosophies view the use of animals and humans as test subjects. It will aim to analyse how legislation in regards to biomedical research has evolved, analysing the existing arrangements and predict how the future of biomedical research will be shaped. Animals have been used as test subjects for biomedical research for over x years. The use of animal subjects has largely been largely successful in advancing scientific progress in the area of biomedical research.

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1066 Words | 5 Pages

Animal experimentation is unacceptable because it is unethical. The article “Animal Experimentation” it states, “many people object to the use of animals in scientific studies because the animals are denied their freedom and often suffer serious injury and discomfort.” People disagree with animal experimentation because the animals do not have the freedom to choose. Animals cannot speak for themselves to tell whether or not they want to get tested on, because of this then the animals that are tested on suffer a lot of discomfort and injuries. Another reason why animal experimentation is unethical because it is unreliable.

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1094 Words | 5 Pages

I, however, agree with the process of biomedical animal research because it is more beneficial for us humans to know as much as possible about our medical products before putting them out for the public. Also, animals are very similar to humans, and using them as a resource in the medical world will help us cure diseases and illnesses we never before thought possible. Animals themselves are very similar to humans both physically and mentally. With them being

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1006 Words | 5 Pages

A well-known chapter in the history of research with human subjects begun in 1946 when criminal proceedings against 23 of Germany’s leading physicians and administrators for their contribution and perpetration of crimes against humanity. Charges included medical experiments on prisoners of concentration camps, intellectually and physically disabled people, homosexuals, twins and gypsies amongst others. Most of the subjects of these experiments died or were made permanently crippled (1). As a result of this trial, the Nuremberg Code was created in 1948. It states that “the voluntary consent of the human subject is

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636 Words | 3 Pages

(The Nuremberg Code, 1949) Experiments on animals allow us to not only better understand the laws of life and the mechanisms of individual life processes, but also to improve methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, in both humans and animals. Through animal experimentation, there has been vast medical advances in hospitals and veterinarians, research has led to cures for various diseases that would normally take many years to cure, and the use of animals is highly ethical considering what the alternative could be. Experiments on animals are necessary in order to safeguard and improve human health and well-being, and vaccines for diseases such as polio and malaria could not have been developed without animal testing. This is how important animal experimentation is for humans and animals

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2744 Words | 11 Pages

Introduction Animals testing have significantly contributed to the advancement of scientific knowledge in general and to biomedical progress specifically. Many example showing that laboratory animals in medical development and other aspects have significantly influenced human health and reduced suffering, for example improved diagnosis of infectious disease (Hau, Jann, Schapiro & Steven, 2002). But since 1960s and 1970s, animals testing protests has gained prominence and strength, people start to argue is it moral to continue “cruel” animal testing. Animal Testing is a Moral Act In the rest of this article, I shall apply different concept under utilitarianism try to discuss whether animal testing are moral acts. It is important to notice that (1) in this article, applying the general idea of utilitarianism which is “the greatest happiness of greatest number” and (2) the animals testing under the rules and regulations.

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586 Words | 3 Pages

Animal experimentation saves many human lives. In “Medical Experiments on Animals Are an Important Element of Drug Development”, Patricia George and Geraldine Wagner claim that animal experimentation has helped treat polio, tuberculosis, malaria, and smallpox. Without animal experimentation, polio would kill thousands of people each year, most of the diabetics in America would die, and there would be millions of cases of rubella in the U.S. In “Vivisection Is Right, But It Is Nasty--

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1111 Words | 5 Pages

Although the experimentation of animals has furthered medical knowledge, it should not be allowed because it is brutal and animals are unable to give their approval. In order to do a study on humans it must be authorized by them, where animals are unable to give consent, which strikes questions in the world of science on whether this is morally acceptable. Although animal experimentation can result in saving the lives of millions, many find it to be cruel and unjust. Seeing as animals are unable to speak for themselves, they are still able to express their emotions through their behavior.

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1037 Words | 5 Pages

I am going to discuss the views of these issues concerning the ethics that goes along with experimenting with animals in this passage. Firstly, animals may be subject to experimentation or be modified into conditions useful for gaining knowledge about human diseases or for testing human potential treatments. For example, it was discovered long ago that rats have similar genetic build-up and the identical systems as human being, so rats have been used along for experimentation. According to the animal research: the ethics of animal experimentation that was published in July the sixtieth 2010,some people argue that experimentation with animals should end because it is wrong to treat animals merely as tools for further knowledge while others ague that animal are better target as opposed to using human beings.

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